Pathological Phenotypes in Parkinson’s Disease: From Biomarkers to Treatments

This paper discusses what Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is, highlighting its motor and non-motor symptoms, the current diagnostic and treatment approaches, and the importance of the identification of reliable biomarkers for PD. This review also covers some of the most used and important biomarkers in Parkinson’s Disease today. Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons within the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, which leads to diverse motor and non-motor symptoms. Identifying reliable biomarkers in PD is important for early diagnosis, the development of effective therapies, and tracking of the patient’s disease progression.