In quality control of assembled industrial products, it is essential to be able to evaluate individual components in their final assembled state to allow measurements and considerations that would not be possible by analysing the components only before assembly. X-ray computed tomography enables this type of analysis because it allows for the reconstruction of internal geometries that are inaccessible using conventional measurement techniques. However, in the case of multi-material assemblies including both polymeric and metallic components, tomographic reconstructions are often affected by image artifacts that can significantly impair measurement accuracy. This thesis aims to investigate methods for verifying metrological performance and comparing different industrial X-ray computed tomography systems in the analysis of multi-material assembled components. For this purpose, a new innovative method was developed for comparing tomographic systems based on the analysis of multi-material assemblies of interest from the company involved in the research. In this thesis, the case study considered is related to a switch characterized by polymeric and metal components. The new method will be used to support, with quantitative data, the creation of a purchase dossier for the evaluation of tomographic systems selected from those available on the market. The method enables the creation of a virtual assembly by adequately aligning scans of individual components taken before assembly and using scanning parameters optimised for the specific material and geometry, with the scan of the assembled product. The virtual assembly is employed to generate analysis templates that can be transferred, after alignment, to new scans of the assembly performed with the tomographic systems under comparison. After creating the virtual assembly, the switch is sealed in a specifically designed protective case and safely circulated without risk of manipulations among the involved manufacturers, with the purpose of being scanned using their systems. Subsequently, procedures were developed to perform three distinct types of evaluation: assessment of the contrast-to-noise ratio in the reconstruction, study of dimensional measurement accuracy, and defect detectability. The analysis of the results revealed that in areas with minimal artefact influence, there is no discernible difference in the performance of the various tomographic systems. In areas most affected by artefacts, however, differences in the behaviour of the systems examined were observed, with the prevalence of a specific system. Furthermore, the use a median filter was explored to reduce noise in the tomographic sections, with the objective of enabling measurements in areas that would otherwise be not accessible. The implementation of the methodology on other tomographic systems of interest is planned to complete the comparison and reach a more informed purchasing decision, based on the quantitative data obtained through the proposed method. In conclusion, a novel proposal is presented for the future extension of the method to verify and measure deformations due to assembly.
Nel controllo di qualità di prodotti industriali assemblati è fondamentale poter valutare i singoli componenti nello stato finale di assemblaggio, per abilitare misure e considerazioni che non sarebbero possibili basando l’analisi solo sulla condizione dei componenti prima dell’assemblaggio. La tomografia computerizzata a raggi X abilita questo tipo di analisi perché permette di ricostruire anche geometrie interne non accessibili mediante tecniche di misura convenzionali. Tuttavia, nel caso di assemblati multi-materiale con la compresenza di componenti polimerici e metallici, le ricostruzioni tomografiche risultano spesso affette da artefatti di immagine che possono degradare in modo significativo l'accuratezza delle misure. L'obiettivo della tesi è quello di studiare dei metodi per la verifica delle prestazioni metrologiche ed il confronto di diversi sistemi di tomografia industriale nell'analisi di componenti assemblati multi-materiale. Per questa esigenza è stato sviluppato un nuovo metodo innovativo per il confronto di sistemi tomografici basato sull’analisi di assemblati multi-materiale di interesse aziendale. Nel presente elaborato, il caso studio preso in considerazione consiste in un interruttore caratterizzato da componenti in materiale polimerico e da parti metalliche. Il nuovo metodo verrà impiegato per supportare, con dati quantitativi, la creazione di un dossier di acquisto che abbia lo scopo di valutare i sistemi tomografici selezionati tra quelli disponibili sul mercato. Il metodo consente di ottenere un assemblato virtuale allineando in maniera adeguata scansioni di componenti singoli effettuate prima dell’assemblaggio utilizzando parametri di scansione ottimizzati per il materiale e la geometria specifici, con la scansione del prodotto assemblato. L’assemblato virtuale serve per creare dei template di analisi trasferibili, previo allineamento, su nuove scansioni dell’assemblato effettuate con i sistemi tomografici oggetto di confronto. Dopo la creazione dell’assemblato virtuale, l’interruttore viene sigillato in una teca protettiva progettata ad hoc e viene fatto circolare in sicurezza e senza rischio di manipolazione tra i produttori coinvolti, con lo scopo di essere sottoposto a scansione con i loro sistemi. Sono state poi sviluppate le procedure per poter eseguire tre diversi tipi di valutazione: valutazione del rapporto tra contrasto e rumore nella ricostruzione; studio dell’accuratezza delle misure dimensionali; individuabilità dei difetti. L’analisi dei risultati ottenuti ha dato evidenza che in zone poco affette da artefatti non si ha una apprezzabile differenza di comportamento tra i vari sistemi tomografici. Nelle zone più disturbate da artefatti, invece, si è osservata una differenza di comportamento talvolta significativa con la prevalenza di un sistema specifico. In aggiunta, è stato esplorato l’uso di un filtro mediano per ridurre il rumore delle sezioni tomografiche con l’obiettivo di abilitare la misura in zone altrimenti non valutabili. È ora stata pianificata l’implementazione della metodologia ad altri sistemi di tomografia di interesse aziendale, per completare il confronto ed arrivare ad una decisione di acquisto più informata, basata sui dati quantitativi ottenuti grazie al metodo proposto. In conclusione, viene presentata una proposta inedita di estensione futura del metodo per la verifica e la misura delle deformazioni dovute all’assemblaggio.
Tomografia computerizzata a raggi X per l'analisi di assemblati multi-materiale: studio di metodi per la verifica delle prestazioni metrologiche
CAMPAGNARO, CRISTIAN
2023/2024
Abstract
In quality control of assembled industrial products, it is essential to be able to evaluate individual components in their final assembled state to allow measurements and considerations that would not be possible by analysing the components only before assembly. X-ray computed tomography enables this type of analysis because it allows for the reconstruction of internal geometries that are inaccessible using conventional measurement techniques. However, in the case of multi-material assemblies including both polymeric and metallic components, tomographic reconstructions are often affected by image artifacts that can significantly impair measurement accuracy. This thesis aims to investigate methods for verifying metrological performance and comparing different industrial X-ray computed tomography systems in the analysis of multi-material assembled components. For this purpose, a new innovative method was developed for comparing tomographic systems based on the analysis of multi-material assemblies of interest from the company involved in the research. In this thesis, the case study considered is related to a switch characterized by polymeric and metal components. The new method will be used to support, with quantitative data, the creation of a purchase dossier for the evaluation of tomographic systems selected from those available on the market. The method enables the creation of a virtual assembly by adequately aligning scans of individual components taken before assembly and using scanning parameters optimised for the specific material and geometry, with the scan of the assembled product. The virtual assembly is employed to generate analysis templates that can be transferred, after alignment, to new scans of the assembly performed with the tomographic systems under comparison. After creating the virtual assembly, the switch is sealed in a specifically designed protective case and safely circulated without risk of manipulations among the involved manufacturers, with the purpose of being scanned using their systems. Subsequently, procedures were developed to perform three distinct types of evaluation: assessment of the contrast-to-noise ratio in the reconstruction, study of dimensional measurement accuracy, and defect detectability. The analysis of the results revealed that in areas with minimal artefact influence, there is no discernible difference in the performance of the various tomographic systems. In areas most affected by artefacts, however, differences in the behaviour of the systems examined were observed, with the prevalence of a specific system. Furthermore, the use a median filter was explored to reduce noise in the tomographic sections, with the objective of enabling measurements in areas that would otherwise be not accessible. The implementation of the methodology on other tomographic systems of interest is planned to complete the comparison and reach a more informed purchasing decision, based on the quantitative data obtained through the proposed method. In conclusion, a novel proposal is presented for the future extension of the method to verify and measure deformations due to assembly.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
---|---|---|---|
Campagnaro_Cristian.pdf
accesso riservato
Dimensione
15.41 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
15.41 MB | Adobe PDF |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/75541