INTRODUCTION The fetus that is small for the gestational age and, vice versa, the fetus that is large for the gestational age present a higher percentage of short and long-term problems. Diagnosing a growth problem early, in utero, allows correct management of the pregnancy and an adequate standard of care at birth. But when large is too large and small is too small? The main problem concerns the numerous growth curves described in the literature, each with different performances regarding the detection rate of small and large fetuses for gestational age. MAIN HYPOTHESIS The Paladini growth curves overestimate the percentage of fetuses small for gestational age in the second trimester compared to the Hadlock curves with regards to abdominal circumference, while in the third trimester they underestimate the percentage of fetuses small for the gestational age compared to the Hadlock curves MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective single-center study conducted at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit of the San Bassiano Hospital, ULSS7 Pedemontana, during the period from February 2023 to February 2024. The patients who came for the screening ultrasound of the second trimester were enrolled, for a total of 138 physiologically pregnant, in good health, with singleton pregnancies. The biometric measurements of each fetus were recorded at the screening and third trimester ultrasound according to the standards defined by the ISUOG. At the 2nd and 3rd trimester ultrasound, for each value of fetal abdominal circumference the percentiles were calculated according to the Hadlock and Paladini curves. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS In the second trimester, the percentile of abdominal circumference calculated with the Paladini curve tends to be on average significantly lower than the percentile calculated with the Hadlock curve. It follows that the percentage of FGR/SGA fetuses detected with the Paladini curve tends to be significantly higher than that with the Hadlock curve. The data was also confirmed by the comparison with the birth weight percentile according to IG21. In the second trimester with Paladini, therefore, there would be a tendency towards an overdiagnosis of SGA/FGR with an increase in maternal anxiety, an increase in healthcare spending due to greater maternal-fetal surveillance as well as an increase in invasive diagnostic procedures. Similarly, the percentage of LGA fetuses classified as Paladini is found to be significantly lower than Hadlock. In the third trimester, the percentile of abdominal circumference calculated with the Paladini curve tends to be, on average, significantly higher than the percentile calculated with the Hadlock curve. Also in this case, the data was confirmed by comparison with the birth weight percentile according to IG21. It follows that the percentage of FGR/SGA fetuses diagnosed with the Paladini curve tends to be significantly lower than that of Hadlock. On the one hand, therefore, there would be a reduction in labor inductions and related complications, but on the other there would be an increased risk of an unfavorable outcome for these fetuses. However, as regards the diagnosis of the LGA fetus, both the Hadlock and Paladini curves highlight a percentage similar to that diagnosed with the neonatal IG21 curves. DISCUSSION The imprecision of the ultrasound measurement and the notable differences in the detection rate of SGA/FGR and LGA fetuses in reference to the different fetal growth curves highlight how further studies are necessary, some already underway, to establish a fetal growth curve which allows correct identification of fetuses with a greater need for fetal and neonatal surveillance.
IINTRODUZIONE Il feto piccolo per epoca gestazionale e, viceversa, il feto grande per epoca gestazionale presentano una maggiore percentuale di problematiche a breve e lungo termine. Diagnosticare una problematica di crescita precocemente, in utero, permette un corretto management della gravidanza ed un adeguato standard di cure alla nascita. Ma quando grande è troppo grande e piccolo è troppo piccolo? La problematica principale riguarda proprio le numerose curve di crescita descritte in letteratura, ciascuna con performance differenti in merito alla detection rate dei feti piccoli e grandi per epoca gestazionale. IPOTESI PRINCIPALE Le curve di crescita di Paladini sovrastimano al II trimestre la percentuale di feti piccoli per epoca gestazionale rispetto alle curve di Hadlock per quanto riguarda la circonferenza addominale, mentre al III trimestre sottostimano la percentuale di feti piccoli per epoca gestazionale rispetto alle curve di Hadlock. MATERIALI E METODI Si tratta di uno studio monocentrico prospettico condotto presso l’Unità Operativa Complessa di Ginecologia ed Ostetricia dell’Ospedale San Bassiano, ULSS7 Pedemontana, durante il periodo intercorso dal febbraio 2023 al febbraio 2024. Sono state arruolate le pazienti che afferivano per l’esecuzione dell’ecografia di screening del II trimestre per un totale di 138 gravide fisiologiche, in buona salute, con gravidanza singola. Di ciascun feto si sono rilevate le misure biometriche all’ecografia di screening e del III trimestre secondo gli standard definiti dalla ISUOG. All’ecografia del II trimestre e del III trimestre, per ciascun valore di circonferenza addominale fetale si sono calcolati i percentili secondo le curve di Hadlock e Paladini. RISULTATI e CONCLUSIONI Al II trimestre, il percentile della circonferenza addominale calcolato con la curva di Paladini tende ad essere in media significativamente inferiore rispetto al percentile calcolato con la curva di Hadlock. Ne deriva che la percentuale di feti FGR/SGA rilevati con la curva di Paladini tende ad essere significativamente maggiore rispetto a quella con la curva di Hadlock. La conferma del dato si è avuta anche dal confronto con il percentile del peso alla nascita secondo IG21. Al II trimestre con Paladini, quindi, si tenderebbe ad una sovradiagnosi di SGA/FGR con un aumento dell’ansia materna, un incremento della spesa sanitaria per la maggiore sorveglianza materno-fetale oltreché un aumento delle procedure di diagnosi invasiva. Allo stesso modo, la percentuale di feti LGA classificati con Paladini risulta essere significativamente inferiore rispetto ad Hadlock. Al III trimestre, il percentile della circonferenza addominale calcolato con la curva di Paladini tende ad essere, invece, in media significativamente maggiore rispetto al percentile calcolato con la curva di Hadlock. Anche in questo caso la conferma del dato si è avuta dal confronto con il percentile del peso alla nascita secondo IG21. Ne deriva che la percentuale di feti FGR/SGA diagnosticati con la curva di Paladini tende ad essere significativamente inferiore rispetto a quella di Hadlock. Da un lato, quindi, si incorrerebbe in una riduzione delle induzioni del travaglio e delle complicanze ad esse connesse, ma dall’altro si correrebbe un aumentato rischio di outcome sfavorevole di tali feti. Per quanto riguarda, invece, la diagnosi del feto LGA sia la curva di Hadlock sia quella di Paladini mettono in evidenza una percentuale simile a quella diagnosticata con le curve neonatali di IG21. DISCUSSIONE L’imprecisione della misura ecografica e le notevoli differenze nella detection rate di feti SGA/FGR ed LGA in riferimento alle diverse curve di crescita fetale mettono in evidenza come siano necessari ulteriori studi, alcuni già in corso, per stabilire una curva di crescita fetale che permetta una corretta identificazione dei feti con una maggiore necessità di sorveglianza fetale e neonatale.
HOW LARGE IS TOO LARGE? AND HOW SMALL IS TOO SMALL? CURVE DI CRESCITA FETALI E NEONATALI A CONFRONTO
CARLI, STEFANIA
2022/2023
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fetus that is small for the gestational age and, vice versa, the fetus that is large for the gestational age present a higher percentage of short and long-term problems. Diagnosing a growth problem early, in utero, allows correct management of the pregnancy and an adequate standard of care at birth. But when large is too large and small is too small? The main problem concerns the numerous growth curves described in the literature, each with different performances regarding the detection rate of small and large fetuses for gestational age. MAIN HYPOTHESIS The Paladini growth curves overestimate the percentage of fetuses small for gestational age in the second trimester compared to the Hadlock curves with regards to abdominal circumference, while in the third trimester they underestimate the percentage of fetuses small for the gestational age compared to the Hadlock curves MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a prospective single-center study conducted at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit of the San Bassiano Hospital, ULSS7 Pedemontana, during the period from February 2023 to February 2024. The patients who came for the screening ultrasound of the second trimester were enrolled, for a total of 138 physiologically pregnant, in good health, with singleton pregnancies. The biometric measurements of each fetus were recorded at the screening and third trimester ultrasound according to the standards defined by the ISUOG. At the 2nd and 3rd trimester ultrasound, for each value of fetal abdominal circumference the percentiles were calculated according to the Hadlock and Paladini curves. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS In the second trimester, the percentile of abdominal circumference calculated with the Paladini curve tends to be on average significantly lower than the percentile calculated with the Hadlock curve. It follows that the percentage of FGR/SGA fetuses detected with the Paladini curve tends to be significantly higher than that with the Hadlock curve. The data was also confirmed by the comparison with the birth weight percentile according to IG21. In the second trimester with Paladini, therefore, there would be a tendency towards an overdiagnosis of SGA/FGR with an increase in maternal anxiety, an increase in healthcare spending due to greater maternal-fetal surveillance as well as an increase in invasive diagnostic procedures. Similarly, the percentage of LGA fetuses classified as Paladini is found to be significantly lower than Hadlock. In the third trimester, the percentile of abdominal circumference calculated with the Paladini curve tends to be, on average, significantly higher than the percentile calculated with the Hadlock curve. Also in this case, the data was confirmed by comparison with the birth weight percentile according to IG21. It follows that the percentage of FGR/SGA fetuses diagnosed with the Paladini curve tends to be significantly lower than that of Hadlock. On the one hand, therefore, there would be a reduction in labor inductions and related complications, but on the other there would be an increased risk of an unfavorable outcome for these fetuses. However, as regards the diagnosis of the LGA fetus, both the Hadlock and Paladini curves highlight a percentage similar to that diagnosed with the neonatal IG21 curves. DISCUSSION The imprecision of the ultrasound measurement and the notable differences in the detection rate of SGA/FGR and LGA fetuses in reference to the different fetal growth curves highlight how further studies are necessary, some already underway, to establish a fetal growth curve which allows correct identification of fetuses with a greater need for fetal and neonatal surveillance.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/76227