Introduction: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death in the world. The latest guidelines for the prevention of ASCVD have set more stringent objectives for the reduction of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), recommending in the first instance the use of a combination therapy (statin plus ezetimibe) in patients at very high cardiovascular risk and in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). However, in these groups of patients, the use of oral therapy is often not sufficient to reach the recommended LDL-C levels. With the use of a new class of drugs, PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i), including monoclonal antibodies and small interfering RNA, the patients can reduce the LDL-C up to 50-60% and in many cases can reach the recommended therapeutic goals. Aim of the study: this retrospective study aims to analyze in real-life the characteristics of a population treated with PCSK9i, to study any differences in treatment with monoclonal antibodies and inclisiran, to evaluate the achievement of the therapeutic objectives of reduction of LDL-C and to analyze any differences in response to PCSK9i between patients with FH and in secondary prevention only. Materials and methods: in this study, 303 patients treated with PCSK9i, followed by Ambulatory for the Study and Treatment of Atherosclerosis of the Medical Clinic I of the University Hospital of Padua, were evaluated. Parameters such as age, sex, diagnosis of FH and any genetic mutation found, diagnosis of previous cardiovascular disease or diagnosis of type 2 diabetes with risk factors (patients in secondary prevention), back-ground lipid-lowering therapy maximum tolerated, achievement of therapeutic objectives were analyzed. Blood chemistry data relating to LDL-C were collected at the first evaluation for the prescription of PCSK9i, at the first re-evaluation and at the end of follow-up. Results: from the data collected, PCSK9i therapy allowed a reduction in LDL-C by 64.9%; this effect is maintained up to 39,9 months (average follow-up). Treatment with inclisiran resulted in less LDL-C reduction than monoclonal antibodies (60% vs 50%). The 73.3% of the patients enrolled achieved the therapeutic goals of LDL-C reduction. The 70% of this population was already taking combination therapy with statin and ezetimibe. Finally, comparing two subgroups, one including patients with FH and the other including patients on secondary prevention, it was found that the reduction in LDL-C in absolute terms is greater in the group of patients with FH. This group of patients has a higher percentage of individuals on combination therapy than the group of patients on secondary prevention (78,4% vs 51%). Discussion: PCSK9i therapy is effective also in a real life setting in reducing LDL-C and maintains its effect even after some time. Essential for achieving the therapeutic objectives on the reduction of LDL-C is the assumption of a background lipid-lowering therapy with high-intensity statin and ezetimibe. Finally, intolerance to statin treatment appears to be less frequent in the group of patients with FH. Overall, these patients appear to be more compliant with oral lipid-lowering therapy.
Introduzione: la malattia cardiovascolare aterosclerotica (ASCVD) costituisce la prima causa di morte nel mondo. Le ultime linee guida per la prevenzione della ASCVD hanno fissato obiettivi più stringenti per la riduzione del colesterolo LDL (LDL-C), raccomandando in prima battuta l’utilizzo di una terapia di associazione con statina ed ezetimibe nel paziente a rischio cardiovascolare molto alto e nei pazienti con ipercolesterolemia familiare (FH). In questi gruppi di pazienti l’utilizzo della sola terapia orale spesso non è però sufficiente per raggiungere i livelli di LDL-C consigliati. L’utilizzo di una nuova classe di farmaci, gli inibitori di PCSK9 (PCSK9i), comprendente anticorpi monoclonali e small interfering RNA, consente di ridurre il LDL-C fino al 50-60% e in molti casi di raggiungere gli obiettivi terapeutici raccomandati. Scopo dello studio: questo studio retrospettivo si prefigge lo scopo di analizzare nella real-life le caratteristiche di una popolazione trattata con PCSK9i, studiare eventuali differenze nel trattamento con anticorpi monoclonali ed inclisiran, valutare il raggiungimento degli obiettivi terapeutici di riduzione di LDL-C e analizzare eventuali differenze nella risposta ai PCSK9i tra pazienti con FH e in sola prevenzione secondaria. Materiali e metodi: in questo studio sono stati valutati 303 pazienti trattati con PCSK9i in cura presso l’Ambulatorio per lo studio e il trattamento dell’aterosclerosi della Clinica Medica I dell’Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Padova. Sono stati analizzati parametri quali età, sesso, diagnosi di FH ed eventuale mutazione genetica riscontrata, diagnosi di malattia cardiovascolare pregressa o diagnosi di diabete di tipo 2 con fattori di rischio (pazienti in prevenzione secondaria), terapia ipolipemizzante di background massima tollerata, raggiungimento degli obiettivi terapeutici. Sono stati raccolti i dati ematochimici relativi all’LDL-C alla prima valutazione per la prescrizione del PCSK9i, alla prima rivalutazione dopo l’avvio della terapia e al termine del follow-up. Risultati: dai nostri dati raccolti, la terapia con PCSK9i ha permesso una riduzione di LDL-C del 64,9%, effetto che si mantiene anche a distanza di tempo (follow-up medio di 39,9 mesi). Il trattamento con inclisiran ha determinato una riduzione di LDL-C inferiore rispetto agli anticorpi monoclonali (60% vs 50%). Dei pazienti arruolati, ben il 73,3% ha raggiunto gli obiettivi terapeutici di riduzione del LDL-C, il 70% dei quali assumeva già una terapia di associazione con statina ed ezetimibe. Confrontando infine due sottogruppi, uno comprendente i pazienti con FH e l’altro pazienti in prevenzione secondaria, è stato rilevato che la riduzione di LDL-C in termini assoluti è maggiore nel gruppo di pazienti con FH. Tale gruppo di pazienti ha una percentuale maggiore di individui in terapia di associazione con statina ed ezetimibe rispetto al gruppo di pazienti in prevenzione secondaria. Discussione: la terapia con PCSK9i è efficace anche in un setting di real-life nel ridurre l’LDL-C e mantiene il suo effetto anche a distanza di tempo. Essenziale per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi terapeutici sulla riduzione del LDL-C è l’assunzione di una terapia ipolipemizzante di background con statina ad alta intensità d’azione ed ezetimibe. Infine, dai nostri dati raccolti, i pazienti con FH sembrano essere più aderenti alla terapia ipolipemizzante orale di associazione con statina ed ezetimibe.
Efficacia degli inibitori di PCSK9 in real-life: confronto tra prevenzione primaria e secondaria
BRESOLIN, ALICE
2022/2023
Abstract
Introduction: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death in the world. The latest guidelines for the prevention of ASCVD have set more stringent objectives for the reduction of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), recommending in the first instance the use of a combination therapy (statin plus ezetimibe) in patients at very high cardiovascular risk and in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). However, in these groups of patients, the use of oral therapy is often not sufficient to reach the recommended LDL-C levels. With the use of a new class of drugs, PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9i), including monoclonal antibodies and small interfering RNA, the patients can reduce the LDL-C up to 50-60% and in many cases can reach the recommended therapeutic goals. Aim of the study: this retrospective study aims to analyze in real-life the characteristics of a population treated with PCSK9i, to study any differences in treatment with monoclonal antibodies and inclisiran, to evaluate the achievement of the therapeutic objectives of reduction of LDL-C and to analyze any differences in response to PCSK9i between patients with FH and in secondary prevention only. Materials and methods: in this study, 303 patients treated with PCSK9i, followed by Ambulatory for the Study and Treatment of Atherosclerosis of the Medical Clinic I of the University Hospital of Padua, were evaluated. Parameters such as age, sex, diagnosis of FH and any genetic mutation found, diagnosis of previous cardiovascular disease or diagnosis of type 2 diabetes with risk factors (patients in secondary prevention), back-ground lipid-lowering therapy maximum tolerated, achievement of therapeutic objectives were analyzed. Blood chemistry data relating to LDL-C were collected at the first evaluation for the prescription of PCSK9i, at the first re-evaluation and at the end of follow-up. Results: from the data collected, PCSK9i therapy allowed a reduction in LDL-C by 64.9%; this effect is maintained up to 39,9 months (average follow-up). Treatment with inclisiran resulted in less LDL-C reduction than monoclonal antibodies (60% vs 50%). The 73.3% of the patients enrolled achieved the therapeutic goals of LDL-C reduction. The 70% of this population was already taking combination therapy with statin and ezetimibe. Finally, comparing two subgroups, one including patients with FH and the other including patients on secondary prevention, it was found that the reduction in LDL-C in absolute terms is greater in the group of patients with FH. This group of patients has a higher percentage of individuals on combination therapy than the group of patients on secondary prevention (78,4% vs 51%). Discussion: PCSK9i therapy is effective also in a real life setting in reducing LDL-C and maintains its effect even after some time. Essential for achieving the therapeutic objectives on the reduction of LDL-C is the assumption of a background lipid-lowering therapy with high-intensity statin and ezetimibe. Finally, intolerance to statin treatment appears to be less frequent in the group of patients with FH. Overall, these patients appear to be more compliant with oral lipid-lowering therapy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/76698