Background. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the most frequent form of heart failure in patients admitted to Internal Medicine, with an increasing prevalence in recent years. The diagnosis of HFpEF is based on the presence of characteristic signs and symptoms of heart failure associated with a left ventricular ejection fraction greater than or equal to 50% and echocardiographic evidence of cardiac abnormalities indicative of increased ventricular filling pressures. In addition to diastolic dysfunction, HFpEF is characterized by a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms including increased ventricular end-systolic and arterial stiffness. Arterial elastance (Ea), ventricular end-systolic elastance (Ees) and their ratio are indicators of ventricular-arterial coupling (VAC) and reflect the degree of ventricular-arterial stiffness. Based on these premises, the present study aims to evaluate the association between VAC indicators and the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Methods. Nineteen patients with acute heart failure with preserved ejection fraction admitted to the UOC General Medicine OSA, Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, with an average age of 86 years, of whom 15 were female, were evaluated. A complete echocardiogram was performed in each patient with measurement of the parameters of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Ea was calculated from stroke volume and systolic pressure, while Ees was obtained non-invasively through the single beat method developed by Chen et al. All patients underwent an electrocardiogram, complete biohumoral tests and 6 received treatment with continous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Results. Subjects with atrial fibrillation and HFpEF had higher Ea values than patients in sinus rhythm (p=0.02); higher Ees values tend to correspond to higher NT-proBNP values (p=0.08). Ea and Ees both correlate inversely with the E/A ratio (p=0.01 and p=0.05 respectively) and with the E wave velocity (p=0.10 and p=0.05 respectively); finally, patients treated with CPAP were characterized by significantly lower Ea and Ees values (p=0.01 and p=0.03) and higher stroke volume and indexed stroke volume (p=0.008 and p=0.03) than those who did not receive non-invasive ventilation therapy. Conclusions. In acute heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, indicators of ventricular-arterial coupling are associated with impaired left ventricular diastolic relaxation and the presence of atrial fibrillation. Arterial elastance, ventricular end-systolic elastance, and stroke volume are promising indicators of positive response to CPAP therapy.
Razionale e scopo. Lo scompenso cardiaco a frazione di eiezione preservata (HFpEF) è la forma più frequente di scompenso cardiaco nei pazienti ricoverati in Medicina Interna, con una prevalenza in aumento negli ultimi anni. La diagnosi di HFpEF si basa sulla presenza di segni e sintomi caratteristici di scompenso cardiaco associati a una frazione di eiezione ventricolare sinistra maggiore o uguale al 50% e all’evidenza ecocardiografica di anomalie cardiache indicative di aumentate pressioni di riempimento ventricolari. Oltre alla disfunzione diastolica, HFpEF è caratterizzato da una molteplicità di meccanismi fisiopatologici tra cui un’aumentata rigidità sistolica ventricolare e arteriosa. L’elastanza arteriosa (Ea), l’elastanza ventricolare telesistolica (Ees) e il loro rapporto sono indicatori di accoppiamento ventricolo- arterioso (VAC) e riflettono il grado di stiffness ventricolo- arteriosa. Sulla base di tali premesse il presente studio si pone l’obiettivo di valutare l’associazione tra gli indicatori di VAC e le caratteristiche cliniche ed ecocardiografiche in pazienti ricoverati per scompenso cardiaco acuto a frazione di eiezione preservata. Metodi. Sono stati valutati 19 pazienti con scompenso cardiaco acuto a frazione di eiezione preservata ricoverati presso l’UOC Medicina Generale OSA, Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, età media 86 anni, di cui 15 femmine. In ognuno dei pazienti è stato eseguito un ecocardiogramma completo con misura dei parametri di disfunzione diastolica del ventricolo sinistro. L'Ea è stata calcolata dallo stroke volume e dalla pressione sistolica, mentre Ees è stata ottenuta in modo non invasivo attraverso il metodo del singolo battito sviluppato da Chen et al. Tutti i pazienti sono stati sottoposti ad elettrocardiogramma, esami bioumorali completi e 6 hanno ricevuto trattamento con ventilazione non invasiva a pressione positiva continua (CPAP). Risultati. I soggetti con fibrillazione atriale e HFpEF presentavano valori di Ea più elevati rispetto ai pazienti in ritmo sinusale (p=0.02); a valori maggiori di Ees corrispondono valori tendenzialmente più elevati di NT-proBNP (p=0.08). Ea ed Ees correlano entrambi in modo inversamente proporzionale con il rapporto E/A (rispettivamente p=0.01 e p=0.05) e con la velocità dell’onda E (rispettivamente p=0.10 e p=0.05); infine i pazienti trattati con CPAP si caratterizzano per valori di Ea ed Ees significativamente più bassi (p=0.01 e p=0.03) e valori di stroke volume e stroke volume indicizzato maggiori (p=0.008 e p=0.03) rispetto a chi non ha ricevuto terapia con ventilazione non invasiva. Conclusioni. Nello scompenso cardiaco acuto a frazione di eiezione preservata gli indicatori di accoppiamento ventricolo arterioso si associano con l’alterato rilasciamento diastolico del ventricolo sinistro e con la presenza di fibrillazione atriale. L’elastanza arteriosa, l’elastanza telesistolica ventricolare e lo stroke volume sono promettenti indicatori di risposta positiva alla terapia con CPAP.
Il ruolo degli indicatori di accoppiamento ventricolo-arterioso in pazienti con scompenso cardiaco acuto a frazione di eiezione preservata
GRIMOLDI, FEDERICO
2022/2023
Abstract
Background. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the most frequent form of heart failure in patients admitted to Internal Medicine, with an increasing prevalence in recent years. The diagnosis of HFpEF is based on the presence of characteristic signs and symptoms of heart failure associated with a left ventricular ejection fraction greater than or equal to 50% and echocardiographic evidence of cardiac abnormalities indicative of increased ventricular filling pressures. In addition to diastolic dysfunction, HFpEF is characterized by a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms including increased ventricular end-systolic and arterial stiffness. Arterial elastance (Ea), ventricular end-systolic elastance (Ees) and their ratio are indicators of ventricular-arterial coupling (VAC) and reflect the degree of ventricular-arterial stiffness. Based on these premises, the present study aims to evaluate the association between VAC indicators and the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients hospitalized for acute heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Methods. Nineteen patients with acute heart failure with preserved ejection fraction admitted to the UOC General Medicine OSA, Azienda Ospedale Università Padova, with an average age of 86 years, of whom 15 were female, were evaluated. A complete echocardiogram was performed in each patient with measurement of the parameters of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Ea was calculated from stroke volume and systolic pressure, while Ees was obtained non-invasively through the single beat method developed by Chen et al. All patients underwent an electrocardiogram, complete biohumoral tests and 6 received treatment with continous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Results. Subjects with atrial fibrillation and HFpEF had higher Ea values than patients in sinus rhythm (p=0.02); higher Ees values tend to correspond to higher NT-proBNP values (p=0.08). Ea and Ees both correlate inversely with the E/A ratio (p=0.01 and p=0.05 respectively) and with the E wave velocity (p=0.10 and p=0.05 respectively); finally, patients treated with CPAP were characterized by significantly lower Ea and Ees values (p=0.01 and p=0.03) and higher stroke volume and indexed stroke volume (p=0.008 and p=0.03) than those who did not receive non-invasive ventilation therapy. Conclusions. In acute heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, indicators of ventricular-arterial coupling are associated with impaired left ventricular diastolic relaxation and the presence of atrial fibrillation. Arterial elastance, ventricular end-systolic elastance, and stroke volume are promising indicators of positive response to CPAP therapy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/76756