We conducted a monocentric observational retrospective study on 30 patients with sickle cell disease, regardless of genotype, in steady state. At the follow-up visit, clinical data, routine laboratory data, and blood samples for specific tests of coagulation function were collected: VWF antigen, VWF activity, FVIII activity, ADAMTS13 activity and antigen, ROTEM® thromboelastometry, and Multiplate® aggregometry. Additionally, Oxygenscan ectacytometry data were retrospectively collected. Two-thirds of patients had vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) in the 12 months prior to the visit; 25% experienced three or more crises. In 76% of cases, VOC resulted in hospitalization, with an average of 2.05 admissions per patient. The prevalence of venous thromboembolism was 13%. Among standard laboratory tests, correlations emerged between RDW values, D-dimer, and the number of VOCs, hospitalizations, and neurological complications. Among ectacytometry data, DeltaEI showed a relationship with the number of VOCs (p=0.040, r 0.39) and ACS (p=0.008, r 0.48). The levels of VWF:Ag, VWF collagen-binding activity (VWF:CBA) and FVIII activity were significantly elevated. The ratio VWF:CBA/VWF:Ag correlated with presence of hospitalizations (p=0.031, r 0.44), VOC (p=0.035 r 0.44), and ACS (p=0.034 r 0.44). Levels of VWF:Ag, FVIII, and VWF:CBA were associated with the presence of osteonecrosis. Aggregometry data were largely within normal limits and did not demonstrate associations with outcomes. ROTEM® analysis confirmed the presence of a pro-coagulant state characterized by low clotting time (CT) and high maximum clot firmness (MCF). Lower CT values were associated with VOCs frequency (INTEM p=0.036 r -0.38, EXTEM p=0.027 r -0.40, FIBTEM p=0.0389 r -0.37). Lower CT-EXTEM values were associated with neurological complications (p=0.0421 r -0.42) and osteonecrosis (p=0.0533 r -0.40). Lower MCF values were associated with the presence of VOCs (INTEM p=0.0115 r -0.51, EXTEM p=0.0022 r -0.60, FIBTEM p=0.0164 r -0.49). We confirmed that the SCD population has a high rate of complications and hospitalizations. As a corroboration of the centrality of the coagulation process in pathogenesis, we observed elevated D-dimer levels even at baseline, which correlate with disease outcomes, suggesting a potential use of the test in risk stratification. We also demonstrated the potential utility of the RDW, which is readily available, for prognostic purposes. Ectacytometry data, particularly DeltaEI, had not been previously associated with disease outcomes; this technique appears particularly promising for assessing prognosis and treatment responses. We also confirmed the association between VWF-ADAMTS13 axis dysfunction and outcomes, and for the first time demonstrated a relationship with bone complications; if confirmed, this could suggest the potential use of recombinant ADAMTS13 in this context. Thromboelastometry data confirmed the presence of a pro-coagulant state even in stable conditions and demonstrated for the first time a significant relationship with outcomes, laying the groundwork for potential prognostic use and identification of future therapeutic approaches. The association of lower MCF values with negative outcomes was unexpected: we hypothesized that this could identify a subgroup of patients with a complex “consumptive” coagulopathy, indirectly related to a chronic exuberant coagulation activation, also considering the elevated baseline D-dimer levels and its association with negative outcomes. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, a relationship between alterations in hemostasis and outcomes and complications. If confirmed in prospective studies with larger populations, this relationship could be used for prognostic purposes, to identify at-risk SCD patients.
Abbiamo condotto uno studio monocentrico osservazionale retrospettivo su 30 pazienti con drepanocitosi, indipendentemente dal genotipo, in stato basale. Due terzi dei pazienti hanno presentato crisi vaso-occlusive (VOC) nei 12 mesi precedenti alla visita; il 25% dei pazienti ha presentato tre o più crisi. Nel 76% dei casi la VOC ha esitato in ospedalizzazione, con una media di 2.05 accessi/paziente. La prevalenza di trombo-embolismo venoso è risultata pari al 13%. Tra i test di laboratorio standard è emersa correlazione tra i valori di RDW, valori di D-dimero e numero di VOC, ricoveri e complicanze neurologiche. Tra i dati di ectacitometria, il DeltaEI ha mostrato relazione con numero di VOC (p=0.040, r 0.39) ed ACS (p=0.008, r 0.48). I valori di VWF:Ag ed attività di legame al collagene (VWF:CBA), così come i valori di FVIII, sono risultati significativamente aumentati. L’incremento del ratio VWF:CBA/VWF:Ag correla con presenza di ricoveri (p=0.031, r 0.44), VOC (p=0.035 r 0.44), acute chest syndrome (ACS) (p=0.034 r 0.44). Livelli aumentati di VWF:Ag, FVIII e VWF:CBA si associano a presenza di osteonecrosi. I dati di aggregometria Multiplate® sono risultati sostanzialmente nei limiti di norma e non hanno dimostrato associazione con outcomes. L’analisi ROTEM® ha mostrato la presenza di uno stato pro-coagulante caratterizzato da clotting time (CT) basso e maximum clot firmness (MCF) elevato. Valori di CT minori sono associati al numero di VOC (INTEM p=0.036 r -0.38, EXTEM p=0.027 r -0.40, FIBTEM p=0.0389 r -0.37 ) e valori di CT in EXTEM correlano con complicanze neurologiche (p=0.0421 r -0.42) ed osteonecrosi (p=0.0533 r -0.40). Valori di MCF minori sono associati alla presenza di VOC (INTEM p=0.0115 r -0.51, EXTEM p=0.0022 r -0.60, FIBTEM p=0.0164 r -0.49). Abbiamo confermato che la popolazione con SCD presenta un elevato tasso di complicanze e di ospedalizzazioni. A riprova della centralità del processo coagulativo nella patogenesi, abbiamo osservato valori elevati di D-dimero anche allo stato basale, che presentano correlazione con outcomes di malattia, suggerendo un possibile utilizzo dell’esame nella stratificazione del rischio. Abbiamo dimostrato, inoltre, la potenziale utilità dell’utilizzo del parametro RDW, rapidamente disponibile, a scopo prognostico. I dati dell’ectacitometria, ed in particolare il DeltaEI, non erano stati precedentemente associati ad outcomes di malattia; questa tecnica risulta particolarmente promettente per valutare la prognosi e la risposta ai trattamenti. Abbiamo inoltre confermato l’associazione fra alterazione funzionale dell’asse VWF-ADAMTS13 ed outcomes e per la prima volta dimostrato la relazione con le complicanze ossee che, se confermata, potrebbe suggerire il possibile utilizzo di ADAMTS13 ricombinante anche in questo contesto. I dati di tromboelastometria hanno confermato la presenza di uno stato pro-coagulante anche in stato basale e dimostrato, per la prima volta, una relazione significativa con gli outcomes, ponendo le basi per un eventuale utilizzo prognostico e per l’individuazione di futuri approcci terapeutici. È risultata inattesa l’associazione di valori di MCF più bassi con outcomes negativi: abbiamo ipotizzato che ciò potrebbe identificare un sottogruppo di pazienti con coagulopatia complessa “da consumo”, correlata verosimilmente ad attivazione coagulativa cronica esuberante, anche in considerazione dei livelli di D-dimero persistemente elevati allo stato basale e associati con outcomes negativi. In conclusione, lo studio ha dimostrato per la prima volta, a nostra conoscenza, una relazione fra alterazioni dell’emostasi ed outcomes e complicanze. Se confermata in studi prospettici e con numerosità più elevate, questa relazione potrebbe essere utilizzata a scopo prognostico, al fine di identificare pazienti a maggior rischio.
ALTERAZIONI COAGULATIVE NELL’ANEMIA FALCIFORME: ANALISI RETROSPETTIVA E CORRELAZIONI CLINICO-LABORATORISTICHE
LUCENTE, FABRIZIO
2022/2023
Abstract
We conducted a monocentric observational retrospective study on 30 patients with sickle cell disease, regardless of genotype, in steady state. At the follow-up visit, clinical data, routine laboratory data, and blood samples for specific tests of coagulation function were collected: VWF antigen, VWF activity, FVIII activity, ADAMTS13 activity and antigen, ROTEM® thromboelastometry, and Multiplate® aggregometry. Additionally, Oxygenscan ectacytometry data were retrospectively collected. Two-thirds of patients had vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) in the 12 months prior to the visit; 25% experienced three or more crises. In 76% of cases, VOC resulted in hospitalization, with an average of 2.05 admissions per patient. The prevalence of venous thromboembolism was 13%. Among standard laboratory tests, correlations emerged between RDW values, D-dimer, and the number of VOCs, hospitalizations, and neurological complications. Among ectacytometry data, DeltaEI showed a relationship with the number of VOCs (p=0.040, r 0.39) and ACS (p=0.008, r 0.48). The levels of VWF:Ag, VWF collagen-binding activity (VWF:CBA) and FVIII activity were significantly elevated. The ratio VWF:CBA/VWF:Ag correlated with presence of hospitalizations (p=0.031, r 0.44), VOC (p=0.035 r 0.44), and ACS (p=0.034 r 0.44). Levels of VWF:Ag, FVIII, and VWF:CBA were associated with the presence of osteonecrosis. Aggregometry data were largely within normal limits and did not demonstrate associations with outcomes. ROTEM® analysis confirmed the presence of a pro-coagulant state characterized by low clotting time (CT) and high maximum clot firmness (MCF). Lower CT values were associated with VOCs frequency (INTEM p=0.036 r -0.38, EXTEM p=0.027 r -0.40, FIBTEM p=0.0389 r -0.37). Lower CT-EXTEM values were associated with neurological complications (p=0.0421 r -0.42) and osteonecrosis (p=0.0533 r -0.40). Lower MCF values were associated with the presence of VOCs (INTEM p=0.0115 r -0.51, EXTEM p=0.0022 r -0.60, FIBTEM p=0.0164 r -0.49). We confirmed that the SCD population has a high rate of complications and hospitalizations. As a corroboration of the centrality of the coagulation process in pathogenesis, we observed elevated D-dimer levels even at baseline, which correlate with disease outcomes, suggesting a potential use of the test in risk stratification. We also demonstrated the potential utility of the RDW, which is readily available, for prognostic purposes. Ectacytometry data, particularly DeltaEI, had not been previously associated with disease outcomes; this technique appears particularly promising for assessing prognosis and treatment responses. We also confirmed the association between VWF-ADAMTS13 axis dysfunction and outcomes, and for the first time demonstrated a relationship with bone complications; if confirmed, this could suggest the potential use of recombinant ADAMTS13 in this context. Thromboelastometry data confirmed the presence of a pro-coagulant state even in stable conditions and demonstrated for the first time a significant relationship with outcomes, laying the groundwork for potential prognostic use and identification of future therapeutic approaches. The association of lower MCF values with negative outcomes was unexpected: we hypothesized that this could identify a subgroup of patients with a complex “consumptive” coagulopathy, indirectly related to a chronic exuberant coagulation activation, also considering the elevated baseline D-dimer levels and its association with negative outcomes. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, a relationship between alterations in hemostasis and outcomes and complications. If confirmed in prospective studies with larger populations, this relationship could be used for prognostic purposes, to identify at-risk SCD patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/76759