Background and Aims: Pulmonary embolism (PE) represents a common burden of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. Catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT) and percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy have been developed as options to treat high- or intermediate-high risk PE. However, outcomes of percutaneous treatment in oncologic patients with PE have not been thoroughly investigated. We aim to evaluate effectiveness and outcomes of CDT and mechanical thrombectomy of intermediate- or high- risk PE in patients with active or previous cancer, comparing with non-oncologic patients. Methods: The medical literature published before March 2023 was systematically reviewed. 16 observational studies and randomized trials of CDT-based therapies for intermediate- and high-risk acute PE were identified. To be included, patients had to present an acute high- or intermediate-high risk PE, to be older than 18 years and to receive a CDT or percutaneous thrombectomy as primary treatment. Results: A total of 1171 PE patients were included, 137 of them (11.7%) with active or previous history of cancer. Among them, 10.9% had an high risk PE. Oncologic patients were slightly older (median age 65, Q1-Q3: 57-74) and with a lower body mass index (BMI) (median BMI 32.27, Q1-Q3 25.9-34.1) compared with non-oncologic patients (median age 60, Q1-Q3 48-70; median BMI 32.3, Q1-Q3 27.6-38.32). No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of comorbidities and clinical and laboratory test presentation. CDT treatment was associated with a significant improvement (p<0.001) in pulmonary pressures (systolic, diastolic and mean) and in right ventricular function. Overall, mPAP in patients with cancer decreased from 31.9 (26.4 – 38.6) mmHg to 21.8 (17.0 – 26.1) mmHg after treatment. However, there were no significant differences between oncologic and non-oncologic patients. Oncologic patients exhibited higher in-hospital (7.63 vs 2.36%) and 30-day (5.05% vs 1.28%) mortality rates, compared to non-oncologic. Instead, there wasn’t a significant difference in the risk of major intracranial bleeding and hemodynamic decompensation. Cancer patients showed a non-significant tendency towards longer in-hospital stay (media 7.9 days) compared to non-oncologic patients (media 6.6 days) (p 0.064). Older age (> 75 years old) was an overall predictor of adverse outcome: among non-oncologic patients was associated with increased risk of major bleeding and in-hospital and 30-day-death, while in cancer patients was associated with increased in-hospital death (p 0.046). Conclusions: In patients hospitalized with intermediate or high‐risk PE and undergoing percutaneous treatment, previous or active cancer is an independent risk factor for in hospital and 30-day-death, compared with non-oncologic patients. However, no differences were found in bleeding risk or hemodynamic decompensation. Prospective studies and randomized controlled trials including patients with cancer in randomized trials are needed to confirm our findings.
Introduzione e Obiettivi: L'embolia polmonare (EP) rappresenta una significativa causa di morbilità e mortalità nei pazienti oncologici. La trombolisi locoregionale catetere diretta (CDT) e la trombectomia meccanica percutanea si sono sviluppate come opzioni per il trattamento dell'EP a rischio alto o intermedio-alto. Tuttavia, i risultati del trattamento percutaneo nei pazienti oncologici con EP non sono stati adeguatamente studiati. L'obiettivo di questo studio è valutare l'efficacia e la sicurezza della CDT nei casi di embolia polmonare a rischio alto e intermedio-alto in pazienti con neoplasia attiva o pregressa, confrontando i risultati con quelli dei pazienti non oncologici. Metodi: È stata condotta una revisione sistematica della letteratura medica pubblicata fino a marzo 2023. Sono stati identificati sedici fra studi osservazionali e trial clinici randomizzati che utilizzavano la trombolisi locoregionale catetere diretta per il trattamento dell’embolia polmonare acuta a rischio intermedio-alto o alto. Per essere inclusi, i pazienti dovevano presentare un’EP acuta a rischio alto o intermedio-alto, avere un’età superiore a 18 anni e aver ricevuto CDT come trattamento primario. Risultati: Su un totale di 1171 paziente con embolia polmonare inclusi nello studio, 137 (11.7%) avevano una storia di cancro attivo o pregresso. Fra questi il 10.9% aveva un’embolia polmonare ad alto rischio. I pazienti oncologici erano leggermente più anziani (età mediana 65 anni, Q1-Q3: 57-74) e con un BMI (Body Mass Index) più basso (BMI mediano 32.3 kg/m², Q1-Q3 25.9-34.1) rispetto ai pazienti non oncologici (età mediana 60 anni, Q1-Q3 48-70; BMI mediano 32.3 kg/m², Q1-Q3 27.6-38.3). Non sono state osservate differenze significative in termini di comorbidità, caratteristiche cliniche ed esami di laboratorio, fra i due gruppi al momento della presentazione. Il trattamento con CDT era associato ad un miglioramento significativo (p>0.001) delle pressioni polmonari (sistolica, diastolica e media) e della funzionalità del ventricolo destro. Complessivamente, nei pazienti con cancro, la pressione polmonare media (mPAP) decresceva da una mediana di 31.9 mmhg (Q1-Q3: 26.4-38.6) prima del trattamento, a una mediana di 21.8 mmHg (Q1-Q3: 17.0 – 26.1) dopo il trattamento, senza differenze statisticamente significative fra i pazienti oncologici e non oncologici. I pazienti oncologici avevano dei maggiori tassi di mortalità intraospedaliera (7.63% vs 2.36%, OR 4.09) e a 30 giorni (5.05% vs 1.28%, OR 2.8), rispetto ai pazienti non oncologici. Al contrario non sono state evidenziate differenze statisticamente significative in termini di rischio di emorragia maggiore, intracranica o scompenso emodinamico. I pazienti con cancro mostravano una tendenza, non statisticamente significativa, a una più lunga degenza ospedaliera (media 7.9 giorni) rispetto ai pazienti non oncologici (media 6.6 giorni) (p 0.064). L’età anziana (>75 anni) si mostrava come fattore predisponente di outcome avverso: fra i pazienti non oncologici, era associata ad un aumentato rischio di sanguinamento maggiore, mortalità intraospedaliera e a 30 giorni, mentre nei pazienti con neoplasia, era associata ad un’aumentata mortalità intraospedaliera (p 0.046). Conclusioni: Nei pazienti ospedalizzati con embolia polmonare a rischio alto o intermedio-alto e sottoposti a trattamento con CDT, il cancro attivo o pregresso è risultato un fattore di rischio per mortalità intraospedaliera e a 30 giorni. Non sono state riscontrate differenze in merito alle complicanze emorragiche o allo scompenso emodinamico. Trial randomizzati prospettici, in cui siano inclusi anche pazienti con cancro, sono necessari per confermare I nostri risultati.
"Efficacia e sicurezza della trombolisi catetere-guidata nel trattamento dell'embolia polmonare a rischio alto e intermedio alto nei pazienti oncologici e non oncologici"
MALERBA, SARA ANGELA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background and Aims: Pulmonary embolism (PE) represents a common burden of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer. Catheter directed thrombolysis (CDT) and percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy have been developed as options to treat high- or intermediate-high risk PE. However, outcomes of percutaneous treatment in oncologic patients with PE have not been thoroughly investigated. We aim to evaluate effectiveness and outcomes of CDT and mechanical thrombectomy of intermediate- or high- risk PE in patients with active or previous cancer, comparing with non-oncologic patients. Methods: The medical literature published before March 2023 was systematically reviewed. 16 observational studies and randomized trials of CDT-based therapies for intermediate- and high-risk acute PE were identified. To be included, patients had to present an acute high- or intermediate-high risk PE, to be older than 18 years and to receive a CDT or percutaneous thrombectomy as primary treatment. Results: A total of 1171 PE patients were included, 137 of them (11.7%) with active or previous history of cancer. Among them, 10.9% had an high risk PE. Oncologic patients were slightly older (median age 65, Q1-Q3: 57-74) and with a lower body mass index (BMI) (median BMI 32.27, Q1-Q3 25.9-34.1) compared with non-oncologic patients (median age 60, Q1-Q3 48-70; median BMI 32.3, Q1-Q3 27.6-38.32). No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of comorbidities and clinical and laboratory test presentation. CDT treatment was associated with a significant improvement (p<0.001) in pulmonary pressures (systolic, diastolic and mean) and in right ventricular function. Overall, mPAP in patients with cancer decreased from 31.9 (26.4 – 38.6) mmHg to 21.8 (17.0 – 26.1) mmHg after treatment. However, there were no significant differences between oncologic and non-oncologic patients. Oncologic patients exhibited higher in-hospital (7.63 vs 2.36%) and 30-day (5.05% vs 1.28%) mortality rates, compared to non-oncologic. Instead, there wasn’t a significant difference in the risk of major intracranial bleeding and hemodynamic decompensation. Cancer patients showed a non-significant tendency towards longer in-hospital stay (media 7.9 days) compared to non-oncologic patients (media 6.6 days) (p 0.064). Older age (> 75 years old) was an overall predictor of adverse outcome: among non-oncologic patients was associated with increased risk of major bleeding and in-hospital and 30-day-death, while in cancer patients was associated with increased in-hospital death (p 0.046). Conclusions: In patients hospitalized with intermediate or high‐risk PE and undergoing percutaneous treatment, previous or active cancer is an independent risk factor for in hospital and 30-day-death, compared with non-oncologic patients. However, no differences were found in bleeding risk or hemodynamic decompensation. Prospective studies and randomized controlled trials including patients with cancer in randomized trials are needed to confirm our findings.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/76761