Background: Thyroid nodules are frequently detected due to the widespread use of ultrasound; however, only a minority of these nodules require surgical intervention. In 2014, an update to the Italian Classification of Thyroid Cytology introduced subdivisions within indeterminate nodules, classifying them as TIR 3A (low-risk) and TIR 3B (high-risk). Nevertheless, few studies have examined the actual malignancy rates associated with these categories. Objectives of the study: To assess the frequency and distribution of thyroid cancers in patients with indeterminate nodules undergoing thyroidectomy and followed at ULSS 5 Polesana. The study also aims to compare these outcomes with the Italian classification and to analyze clinical and anamnestic characteristics in groups with histological findings of “malignant” and “benign” lesions, in order to identify any factors that may aid in further risk stratification for malignancy. Materials and methods: This retrospective observational study included 226 patients with TIR 3 thyroid nodules, diagnosed between 2016 and 2023, with a focus on those who underwent thyroidectomy. Results: Among the 226 patients followed in our clinics, 112 underwent surgery (36% of TIR 3A vs. 96% of TIR 3B cases). Histological examination revealed malignancy in 7% of TIR 3A nodules and 45% of TIR 3B nodules. Papillary carcinoma was the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor in both groups, with a high prevalence of incidentally diagnosed papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (7%). When comparing demographic and clinical characteristics between the groups with “malignant” and “benign” histological outcomes, statistically significant differences were observed only in cytological risk stratification (p < 0.001), with malignant nodules more frequently classified as TIR 3B than benign nodules, and in ultrasound risk stratification (p = 0.036), with malignant nodules more often falling within the intermediate-high risk categories. Conclusions: The Italian cytological classification effectively distinguishes two distinct risk profiles among indeterminate nodules, supporting a follow-up management approach with repeat fine-needle aspiration for low-risk (TIR 3A) patients and favoring surgical intervention for those with a high likelihood of differentiated thyroid cancer (TIR 3B). In this study, the percentage of malignant tumors among TIR 3B nodules was notably higher than estimated by the SIAPEC 2014 classification (theoretical frequency of 15–30%). These findings align with recent literature, suggesting a need to reassess the malignancy risk for this category of nodules. Ultrasound imaging may provide further malignancy risk stratification in nodules with indeterminate cytology, allowing for a more individualized management approach. The high prevalence of incidentally diagnosed papillary microcarcinoma is consistent with findings from available autopsy studies.
Introduzione: I noduli tiroidei sono rilevamenti frequenti grazie all'uso diffuso dell’ecografia, tuttavia, solo una minoranza di essi richiede un intervento chirurgico. Con l’aggiornamento pubblicato nel 2014, la Classificazione italiana della citologia tiroidea ha suddiviso i noduli indeterminati in TIR 3A (basso rischio) e TIR 3B (alto rischio), ma pochi studi hanno analizzato l'effettiva frequenza di malignità associata. Obiettivo: Valutare la frequenza e la distribuzione dei tumori tiroidei in pazienti con noduli indeterminati sottoposti a tiroidectomia e seguiti presso l'ULSS 5 Polesana, confrontando i risultati con la classificazione italiana. Analizzare le caratteristiche anamnestiche e cliniche nei gruppi con esito istologico “maligno” e “benigno” per identificare la presenza di eventuali elementi che aiutino a stratificare ulteriormente il rischio di malignità. Materiali e metodi: Studio retrospettivo osservazionale su 226 pazienti con noduli TIR 3 diagnosticati tra il 2016 e il 2023, incentrato sui pazienti sottoposti a tiroidectomia. Risultati: Dei 226 pazienti seguiti presso i nostri ambulatori, 112 sono stati sottoposti a chirurgia (36% dei TIR 3A vs 96% dei TIR 3B). All'esame istologico, sono risultati tumori maligni il 7% dei noduli TIR 3A e il 45% dei noduli TIR 3B. In entrambi i gruppi, il tumore maligno diagnosticato più frequentemente è risultato il carcinoma papillare. È emersa inoltre un'elevata prevalenza di microcarcinoma papillare della tiroide diagnosticato incidentalmente (7%). Confrontando le caratteristiche anagrafiche e cliniche del gruppo con esame istologico “maligno” e “benigno”, le uniche differenze statisticamente significative riscontrate sono state la stratificazione di rischio citologica (p < 0,001), con i noduli maligni più frequentemente classificati TIR 3B rispetto ai noduli benigni, e la stratificazione di rischio ecografica (p = 0,036), con i noduli maligni più frequentemente a rischio intermedio-alto. Conclusioni: La classificazione citologica italiana permette di identificare due diversi profili di rischio tra i noduli indeterminati, giustificando una gestione di monitoraggio con ripetizione dell’agoaspirato nei pazienti a basso rischio (TIR 3A) e favorendo la selezione a intervento chirurgico dei pazienti con elevata probabilità di tumore differenziato della tiroide (TIR 3B). In questo studio, la percentuale di tumori maligni tra i noduli TIR 3B è risultata significativamente maggiore rispetto a quanto atteso dalla classificazione SIAPEC 2014 (frequenza teorica 15-30%). Tali risultati sono in linea con la letteratura più recente, e suggeriscono la necessità di una revisione del rischio di malignità in questa categoria di noduli. L’ecografia può aiutare a stratificare ulteriormente il rischio di malignità nei noduli con citologia indeterminata, permettendo di individualizzarne la gestione. L’elevata prevalenza di microcarcinoma papillare diagnosticato incidentalmente è compatibile con i risultati degli studi autoptici disponibili.
Malignità nel Nodulo Tiroideo Indeterminato: Studio Retrospettivo Osservazionale sulla Classificazione a basso e alto rischio presso l’ULSS 5 Polesana.
MOROLDO, ALESSANDRO
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: Thyroid nodules are frequently detected due to the widespread use of ultrasound; however, only a minority of these nodules require surgical intervention. In 2014, an update to the Italian Classification of Thyroid Cytology introduced subdivisions within indeterminate nodules, classifying them as TIR 3A (low-risk) and TIR 3B (high-risk). Nevertheless, few studies have examined the actual malignancy rates associated with these categories. Objectives of the study: To assess the frequency and distribution of thyroid cancers in patients with indeterminate nodules undergoing thyroidectomy and followed at ULSS 5 Polesana. The study also aims to compare these outcomes with the Italian classification and to analyze clinical and anamnestic characteristics in groups with histological findings of “malignant” and “benign” lesions, in order to identify any factors that may aid in further risk stratification for malignancy. Materials and methods: This retrospective observational study included 226 patients with TIR 3 thyroid nodules, diagnosed between 2016 and 2023, with a focus on those who underwent thyroidectomy. Results: Among the 226 patients followed in our clinics, 112 underwent surgery (36% of TIR 3A vs. 96% of TIR 3B cases). Histological examination revealed malignancy in 7% of TIR 3A nodules and 45% of TIR 3B nodules. Papillary carcinoma was the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor in both groups, with a high prevalence of incidentally diagnosed papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (7%). When comparing demographic and clinical characteristics between the groups with “malignant” and “benign” histological outcomes, statistically significant differences were observed only in cytological risk stratification (p < 0.001), with malignant nodules more frequently classified as TIR 3B than benign nodules, and in ultrasound risk stratification (p = 0.036), with malignant nodules more often falling within the intermediate-high risk categories. Conclusions: The Italian cytological classification effectively distinguishes two distinct risk profiles among indeterminate nodules, supporting a follow-up management approach with repeat fine-needle aspiration for low-risk (TIR 3A) patients and favoring surgical intervention for those with a high likelihood of differentiated thyroid cancer (TIR 3B). In this study, the percentage of malignant tumors among TIR 3B nodules was notably higher than estimated by the SIAPEC 2014 classification (theoretical frequency of 15–30%). These findings align with recent literature, suggesting a need to reassess the malignancy risk for this category of nodules. Ultrasound imaging may provide further malignancy risk stratification in nodules with indeterminate cytology, allowing for a more individualized management approach. The high prevalence of incidentally diagnosed papillary microcarcinoma is consistent with findings from available autopsy studies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/76762