Background. Bacterial infections are common in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and are associated with a high mortality rate. Among bacterial infections, those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms are more challenging to treat and are linked to a poorer prognosis. One proposed strategy to mitigate the spread of MDR pathogens is the identification of symptomatic carriers through rectal swabs and their subsequent isolation to prevent contact transmission. The role of screening for rectal colonization by MDR pathogens is currently not well understood in patients with cirrhosis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and clinical impact of rectal colonization by MDR organisms in hospitalized patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Matherials and Methods. A cohort of patients admitted to the University Hospital of Padua for acute decompensation of liver disease was evaluated from January 2015 to December 2021. All patients underwent rectal screening for multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms upon admission. Patients were stratified into two groups based on the results of the rectal swab and were followed for a period of 180 days. The following clinical endpoints were assessed: a) development of bacterial infection during hospitalization; b) development of MDR infection during hospitalization; c) transfer to intensive care unit (ICU); d) development of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF); e) hospital mortality; f) 28-day mortality; g) 90-day mortality; h) risk of readmission within 180 days. The event of transplantation was treated as a competing event in relation to patient mortality. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and MELD score. Results. Out of 408 patients admitted, 204 were tested with surveillance rectal swab, and among these, 37 (18.1%) tested positive for colonization by multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of liver disease severity, comorbidities, or chronic antibiotic administration (norfloxacin, rifaximin). Patients with MDR colonization exhibited a significantly higher risk of developing MDR infections within 30 days [HR= 5.22 (95% CI: 1.75 – 15.50), p = 0.003]. Those colonized with MDR organisms also had an increased risk of developing acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) [OR 3.50 (1.47 – 8.31), p = 0.005], being transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) [OR 3.03 (1.23 – 7.49), p = 0.016], and experiencing mortality during hospitalization [OR 9.38 (3.60 – 24.48), p < 0.001], as well as at 28 days [sHR = 5.11 (2.35 – 11.20), p < 0.001] and 90 days [sHR = 4.89 (2.68 – 8.92), p < 0.001]. Among patients who survived hospitalization, those with MDR colonization demonstrated a greater risk of readmission due to MDR infection within the subsequent 180 days following discharge [HR = 4.64 (1.12 – 19.10), p = 0.034] Conclusion. Colonization by multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms increases the risk of developing MDR infections and mortality in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Identifying patients colonized with MDR pathogens could be a valuable component for the clinical management of these individuals. Future efforts should focus on evaluating strategies for the prevention of MDR infections in this patient population.
Introduzione. Le infezioni batteriche sono frequenti nei pazienti con cirrosi epatica scompensata e gravate da una elevata mortalità. Tra le infezioni batteriche, quelle sostenute da microorganismi multiresistenti (MDR) sono più difficili da trattare e associate alla prognosi peggiore. Tra le strategie per mitigare la diffusione dei germi MDR, è stato proposto l’identificazione dei portatori sintomatici attraverso il tampone rettale e il loro isolamento da contatto. Il ruolo dello screening per la colonizzazione rettale da MDR è attualmente poco noto nei pazienti con cirrosi e pertanto l’obiettivo di questo studio è stato quello di valutare la prevalenza e l’impatto clinico della colonizzazione rettale da germi MDR in pazienti ricoverati con scompenso acuto della cirrosi. Materiali e metodi. E’ stata valutata una coorte di pazienti ricoverati presso l’azienda Ospedale Università di Padova per scompenso acuto di malattia epatica, che avevano eseguito il tampone rettale di screening per MDR all’ingresso. I pazienti sono stati stratificati in due gruppi in base al risultato del tampone rettale, sono stati seguiti per un follow up di 180 giorni e sono stati valutati i seguenti end points clinici: a) sviluppo di infezione batterica durante il ricovero; b) sviluppo di infezione da MDR durante il ricovero; c) il trasferimento in terapia intensiva (UTI); d) lo sviluppo di ACLF, e) la mortalità ospedaliera; f) la mortalità a 28 giorni; g) la mortalità a 90-giorni; h) il rischio di riospedalizzazione a 180 giorni. L’evento trapianto è stato trattato come evento competitivo rispetto alla morte del paziente. Tutte le analisi sono state corrette per età, sesso e MELD score Risultati. Dei 408 pazienti ricoverati, 204 hanno eseguito il tampone rettale di sorveglianza e tra questi 37 (18,1%) sono risultati positivi per colonizzazione di germi MDR. I due gruppi non differivano significativamente per severità di malattia epatica, comorbidità o somministrazione di cronica di antibiotici (norfloxacina, rifaximina). I pazienti con colonizzazione da germi MDR hanno mostrato un maggior rischio di infezioni da MDR a 30 giorni [HR= 5.22 (95% CI: 1.75 – 15.50), p = 0.003]. I pazienti colonizzati da germi MDR hanno presentato un maggior rischio di sviluppare ACLF [OR 3.50 (1.47 – 8.31) 0.005], di essere trasferiti in UTI [OR 3.03 (1.23 – 7.49) 0.016] e di morire durante il ricovero [OR 9.38 (3.60 – 24.48) <0.001], a 28 giorni [sHR = 5.11 (2.35 – 11.20), p = < 0.001], e a 90- giorni [sHR = 4.89 (2.68 – 8.92), p = < 0.001]. Tra i pazienti sopravvissuti al ricovero, coloro che presentavano una colonizzazione da germi multiresistenti hanno presentato un maggior rischio di riospedalizzazione per infezione da MDR nei successivi 180 giorni dalla dimissione [HR = 4.64 (1.12 – 19.10), p = 0.034]. Conclusioni. La colonizzazione da germi MDR aumenta il rischio di sviluppare infezioni da MDR e di mortalità in pazienti con scompenso acuto della cirrosi. L’identificazione dei pazienti colonizzati da germi multiresistenti potrebbe costituire un elemento utile per la gestione clinica di tali pazienti. In futuro bisognerà valutare strategie di prevenzione delle infezioni da germi MDR in tali pazienti.
Prevalenza ed impatto clinico della colonizzazione rettale da batteri multiresistenti in pazienti con scompenso acuto della cirrosi.
ZENI, NICOLA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background. Bacterial infections are common in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis and are associated with a high mortality rate. Among bacterial infections, those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms are more challenging to treat and are linked to a poorer prognosis. One proposed strategy to mitigate the spread of MDR pathogens is the identification of symptomatic carriers through rectal swabs and their subsequent isolation to prevent contact transmission. The role of screening for rectal colonization by MDR pathogens is currently not well understood in patients with cirrhosis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and clinical impact of rectal colonization by MDR organisms in hospitalized patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Matherials and Methods. A cohort of patients admitted to the University Hospital of Padua for acute decompensation of liver disease was evaluated from January 2015 to December 2021. All patients underwent rectal screening for multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms upon admission. Patients were stratified into two groups based on the results of the rectal swab and were followed for a period of 180 days. The following clinical endpoints were assessed: a) development of bacterial infection during hospitalization; b) development of MDR infection during hospitalization; c) transfer to intensive care unit (ICU); d) development of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF); e) hospital mortality; f) 28-day mortality; g) 90-day mortality; h) risk of readmission within 180 days. The event of transplantation was treated as a competing event in relation to patient mortality. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and MELD score. Results. Out of 408 patients admitted, 204 were tested with surveillance rectal swab, and among these, 37 (18.1%) tested positive for colonization by multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of liver disease severity, comorbidities, or chronic antibiotic administration (norfloxacin, rifaximin). Patients with MDR colonization exhibited a significantly higher risk of developing MDR infections within 30 days [HR= 5.22 (95% CI: 1.75 – 15.50), p = 0.003]. Those colonized with MDR organisms also had an increased risk of developing acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) [OR 3.50 (1.47 – 8.31), p = 0.005], being transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) [OR 3.03 (1.23 – 7.49), p = 0.016], and experiencing mortality during hospitalization [OR 9.38 (3.60 – 24.48), p < 0.001], as well as at 28 days [sHR = 5.11 (2.35 – 11.20), p < 0.001] and 90 days [sHR = 4.89 (2.68 – 8.92), p < 0.001]. Among patients who survived hospitalization, those with MDR colonization demonstrated a greater risk of readmission due to MDR infection within the subsequent 180 days following discharge [HR = 4.64 (1.12 – 19.10), p = 0.034] Conclusion. Colonization by multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms increases the risk of developing MDR infections and mortality in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Identifying patients colonized with MDR pathogens could be a valuable component for the clinical management of these individuals. Future efforts should focus on evaluating strategies for the prevention of MDR infections in this patient population.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/76769