Introduction: Mastocytosis is a rare disease characterized by excessive accumulation of mast cells in one or more organs and tissues, with heterogeneous clinical entities in terms of symptoms, clinical course and prognosis. In the indolent systemic form, skeletal involvement is significant, with fragility fractures, especially vertebral, being among its manifestations. Knowledge of the epidemiological aspects of adult mastocytosis is limited, and the disease is widely considered to be underdiagnosed due to its heterogeneous presentation, rarity and lack of adequate awareness. Patients with indolent forms and severe skeletal involvement are often misdiagnosed as having primary osteoporosis. Our study aimed to explore the contribution of vertebral morphometry in analysing vertebral fractures to identify patients with systemic mastocytosis. Patients and Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted on adult subjects with indolent systemic mastocytosis with skeletal involvement complicated by the presence of at least two vertebral fractures. These identified subjects were compared with a control group that included adults diagnosed with primary osteoporosis with at least two vertebral fragility fractures. Radiographic examinations of the dorsal and lumbosacral spine in the lateral projection were evaluated for each patient. A morphometric assessment was conducted on the D4-L4 spine, and at each vertebra, the presence or absence of a fracture was identified, classified by morphology and severity according to Genant semi-quantitative method. Results: A total of 60 patients were included, of whom 15 were cases and 45 were controls. Patients with mastocytosis had on average a higher number of vertebral fractures (p = 0.015), most of which were biconcave in morphology, both in absolute numbers (p = 0.001) and as a percentage of total fractures (p = 0.001). We then sought to test whether these parameters could play a role in distinguishing between systemic mastocytosis and primary osteoporosis. ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve analysis showed that both the number and percentage of biconcave vertebral fractures had good discriminatory power in this application, with AUCs (Area Under the Curve) of 0.959 (p < 0.001) and 0.995 (p < 0.001), respectively. In particular, our data indicates that subjects with a number of biconcave fractures greater than or equal to 2, or those with biconcave fractures constituting more than 50% of the total vertebral fractures, have a very high likelihood of being affected by indolent systemic mastocytosis. Discussion and Conclusions: After excluding the conditions most frequently characterized by the presence of biconcave vertebral fractures (e.g., osteomalacia and endogenous or exogenous hypercortisolism), the presence of at least two biconcave fractures or a percentage of biconcave fractures greater than 50% can lead to suspicion of indolent systemic mastocytosis. This allows for rapid second-level investigations to confirm the diagnosis, significantly reducing diagnostic delays. We can therefore conclude that the use of vertebral morphometry may be a valuable tool in raising clinical suspicion of systemic mastocytosis in patients with severe skeletal fragility characterized by multiple vertebral fractures.
Introduzione: La mastocitosi è una patologia rara caratterizzata da un eccessivo accumulo di mastociti in uno o più organi e tessuti e comprende entità cliniche eterogenee per sintomi, decorso clinico e prognosi. Nella forma sistemica indolente è rilevante il coinvolgimento scheletrico, che ha tra le sue manifestazioni le fratture da fragilità, soprattutto a livello vertebrale. Le conoscenze sugli aspetti epidemiologici della mastocitosi negli adulti sono limitate, ed è ampiamente ritenuto che la malattia sia largamente sottodiagnosticata a causa della presentazione clinica eterogenea, della rarità della patologia e della mancanza di un’adeguata conoscenza. Spesso i pazienti con forma indolente e severo coinvolgimento scheletrico vengono erroneamente inquadrati come affetti da osteoporosi primitiva. Il nostro studio ha voluto esplorare il contributo della morfometria vertebrale per l’analisi delle fratture vertebrali nell’identificazione dei pazienti affetti da mastocitosi sistemica. Pazienti e Metodi: È stato condotto uno studio retrospettivo monocentrico su soggetti adulti affetti da mastocitosi sistemica indolente con interessamento scheletrico, complicato dalla presenza di almeno due fratture vertebrali. I soggetti così identificati, sono stati comparati con un gruppo di controllo, nel quale sono stati inclusi soggetti adulti con una diagnosi di osteoporosi primitiva con almeno due fratture vertebrali da fragilità. Per ogni paziente sono stati valutati gli esami radiografici della colonna vertebrale dorsale e lombo-sacrale, nella proiezione latero-laterale. È stata eseguita una valutazione morfometrica del rachide tra D4 e L4 e a livello di ciascuna vertebra è stata identificata la presenza o meno di una frattura, classificata per morfologia e severità secondo il metodo semiquantitativo di Genant. Risultati: Sono stati inclusi un totale di 60 pazienti, di cui 15 casi e 45 controlli. Si è osservato che i soggetti con mastocitosi hanno mediamente un numero più alto di fratture vertebrali (p = 0.015), e di queste la maggior parte sono a morfologia biconcava sia in termini di numero assoluto (p = 0.001) che di percentuale rispetto al numero totale di fratture (p = 0.001). Abbiamo quindi voluto testare se questi parametri potessero avere un ruolo nella distinzione tra mastocitosi sistemica indolente e osteoporosi primitiva. Tramite l’analisi con curve ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic), si è così riscontrato che sia il numero che la percentuale di fratture vertebrali biconcave hanno un buon potere discriminatorio in tale applicazione, con AUC (Area Under the Curve) rispettivamente di 0.959 (p < 0.001) e 0.995 (p < 0.001). In particolare, dai nostri dati emerge che i soggetti con un numero di fratture biconcave superiore o uguale a 2, oppure quelli che nel computo totale di tutte le fratture vertebrali hanno una percentuale di fratture biconcave superiore o uguale al 50%, hanno una probabilità molto alta di essere affetti da mastocitosi sistemica indolente. Discussioni e Conclusioni: Dopo aver escluso le condizioni più frequentemente caratterizzate dalla presenza di fratture vertebrali biconcave (es. osteomalacia e ipercortisolismo endogeno o esogeno), il riscontro di almeno due fratture biconcave o di una percentuale di fratture biconcave superiore al 50% può portare a sospettare una mastocitosi sistemica, con conseguente rapida effettuazione di indagini di secondo livello per ottenere l’eventuale conferma diagnostica della patologia e la netta riduzione del ritardo diagnostico. Possiamo affermare quindi che l’utilizzo della morfometria vertebrale può essere un valido supporto per porre il sospetto clinico di mastocitosi sistemica indolente in pazienti con un severo quadro di fragilità scheletrica caratterizzato da multiple fratture vertebrali.
Ruolo della morfometria vertebrale nella diagnosi differenziale della fragilità ossea della mastocitosi sistemica
ZANCHETTA, FRANCESCA
2022/2023
Abstract
Introduction: Mastocytosis is a rare disease characterized by excessive accumulation of mast cells in one or more organs and tissues, with heterogeneous clinical entities in terms of symptoms, clinical course and prognosis. In the indolent systemic form, skeletal involvement is significant, with fragility fractures, especially vertebral, being among its manifestations. Knowledge of the epidemiological aspects of adult mastocytosis is limited, and the disease is widely considered to be underdiagnosed due to its heterogeneous presentation, rarity and lack of adequate awareness. Patients with indolent forms and severe skeletal involvement are often misdiagnosed as having primary osteoporosis. Our study aimed to explore the contribution of vertebral morphometry in analysing vertebral fractures to identify patients with systemic mastocytosis. Patients and Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted on adult subjects with indolent systemic mastocytosis with skeletal involvement complicated by the presence of at least two vertebral fractures. These identified subjects were compared with a control group that included adults diagnosed with primary osteoporosis with at least two vertebral fragility fractures. Radiographic examinations of the dorsal and lumbosacral spine in the lateral projection were evaluated for each patient. A morphometric assessment was conducted on the D4-L4 spine, and at each vertebra, the presence or absence of a fracture was identified, classified by morphology and severity according to Genant semi-quantitative method. Results: A total of 60 patients were included, of whom 15 were cases and 45 were controls. Patients with mastocytosis had on average a higher number of vertebral fractures (p = 0.015), most of which were biconcave in morphology, both in absolute numbers (p = 0.001) and as a percentage of total fractures (p = 0.001). We then sought to test whether these parameters could play a role in distinguishing between systemic mastocytosis and primary osteoporosis. ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve analysis showed that both the number and percentage of biconcave vertebral fractures had good discriminatory power in this application, with AUCs (Area Under the Curve) of 0.959 (p < 0.001) and 0.995 (p < 0.001), respectively. In particular, our data indicates that subjects with a number of biconcave fractures greater than or equal to 2, or those with biconcave fractures constituting more than 50% of the total vertebral fractures, have a very high likelihood of being affected by indolent systemic mastocytosis. Discussion and Conclusions: After excluding the conditions most frequently characterized by the presence of biconcave vertebral fractures (e.g., osteomalacia and endogenous or exogenous hypercortisolism), the presence of at least two biconcave fractures or a percentage of biconcave fractures greater than 50% can lead to suspicion of indolent systemic mastocytosis. This allows for rapid second-level investigations to confirm the diagnosis, significantly reducing diagnostic delays. We can therefore conclude that the use of vertebral morphometry may be a valuable tool in raising clinical suspicion of systemic mastocytosis in patients with severe skeletal fragility characterized by multiple vertebral fractures.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/77469