OHCA is the third cause of death in Europe with an incidence of 67-170 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year and an average survival rate at hospital discharge of 8%. AHA describes the ‘chain of survival’ as composed of six links: activation of the EMS, high-quality CPR, defibrillation, advanced resuscitation, post-arrest treatment and recovery. This is a system approach in which, with the specialized rescue teams, bystanders find increasing space. Trough pre-arrival instructions, the operation center dispatcher guides the caller in recognizing the OHCA and in resuscitation maneuvers. Bystanders’ CPR and use of an AED, combined with advanced rescue, allow to reduce no-flow time and increase the patient's chances of survival. It is essential that data relating to OHCA and their management be collected and analyzed in order to improve the patient's outcome. This dissertation aims at an epidemiological analysis of the OHCAs occurred in Treviso and Oderzo, and managed by the SUEM 118 operations center of Treviso, from 01/01/2021 to 30/07/2024, with the analysis of the following outcomes: outcome of resuscitation, 30-day survival rate and positive neurological outcome (mRS 0 – 3). A further objective is the analysis of the intervention by bystanders and the effect of the IPA on it. We conducted a retrospective observational study that included patients over 18 years of age, who had experienced a non-traumatic OHCA managed by the CO of Treviso and had undergone advanced resuscitation by the SUEM crew. The following variables were analyzed: age and sex of the patient, time of arrival at the target of the first aid vehicle, location, whether the arrest was witnessed, no flow and low flow time, IPA, bystanders’ CPR and use of the AED, presentation rhythm, defibrillation, administration of adrenaline and antiarrhythmics, airway management, outcome of resuscitation. Logistic regression models were used for univariate and multivariate analysis. We collected data about 375 OHCA cases, of which 73 were excluded. Median age was 71.5 years old and 80.1% of the subjects were male. Among these patients, 91 achieved ROSC (30.1%), 178 died on site (58%) and 33 were transported to hospital with ongoing CPR (10.9%). The 30-day survival rate was 11.5%. No flow time, shockable rhythm at presentation, total dose of adrenaline administered and ETCO2 ≥10mmHg were significantly correlated with ROSC. Only no-flow time and shockable rhythm showed a statistically significant correlation with 30-day survival after OHCA. None of the variables analyzed showed a statistically significant correlation with the favorable neurological outcome at 30 days. IPAs were significantly related to bystanders’ CPR, but not to AED use. The OHCA location gave interesting results: private place was significantly correlated with ROSC, but public place was associated with higher numbers of 30-day survival cases and more frequent use of the AED by bystanders. These findings highlight the importance of a widespread and strategic diffusion of AEDs in places easily accessible to the population and their mapping. Our results confirm the importance of investing in high quality CPR and in minimizing no flow time. The CO118 operator plays a fundamental role through IPAs and further analysis are necessary to evaluate the impact of video calls in assisting CPR. Further interventions are necessary to increase people's awareness on OHCA and encourage their intervention.
L’OHCA è la terza causa di morte in Europa con un’incidenza di 67-170 casi per 100000 abitanti/anno e una sopravvivenza media alla dimissione dell’8%. L’AHA descrive una catena della sopravvivenza di 6 anelli: attivazione del EMS, RCP di alta qualità, defibrillazione, RCP avanzata, trattamento post-arresto e recupero. Si tratta di un approccio di sistema in cui, oltre alle squadre di soccorso, trova spazio crescente l’astante. Attraverso IPA l’operatore della CO del SUEM guida il chiamante nel riconoscere l’arresto e nelle manovre rianimatorie. La RCP da parte dell’astante e l’eventuale utilizzo di un DAE, con il soccorso avanzato, permettono di ridurre il tempo di no flow e aumentano le probabilità di sopravvivenza. È fondamentale che i dati relativi agli OHCA e alla loro gestione vengano raccolti e analizzati per migliorare l’outcome del paziente. Questo lavoro di tesi ha come obiettivo un’analisi epidemiologica sugli OHCA avvenuti nel territorio di Treviso e Oderzo gestiti dalla CO del SUEM 118 di Treviso dall’01/01/2021 al 30/07/2024, analizzando i fattori correlati ai seguenti outcome: esito della rianimazione, sopravvivenza a 30 giorni e outcome neurologico positivo (0-3 mRS). Un ulteriore obiettivo è l’analisi dell’intervento dell’astante e l’effetto su di esso delle IPA. È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale retrospettivo che ha incluso pazienti maggiorenni, andati incontro ad OHCA non traumatico per cui sia stata allertata la CO118 di Treviso e sia stata intrapresa una RCP avanzata da parte del SUEM. Sono state quindi analizzate le seguenti variabili: età e sesso del paziente, tempo di arrivo al target del primo mezzo di soccorso, sede, se l’OHCA è stato testimoniato, RCP avanzata, tempo di no flow e low flow, IPA, RCP e utilizzo del DAE da parte degli astanti, ritmo di presentazione, defibrillazione, somministrazione di adrenalina e antiaritmici, gestione delle vie aeree, esito della rianimazione. Sono stati utilizzati modelli di regressione logistica per l’analisi univariata e multivariata. Sono stati raccolti i dati relativi a 375 casi di OHCA, di cui 73 sono stati esclusi. L’età mediana è risultata pari a 71.5 anni con l’80.1% dei soggetti di sesso maschile. Di questi pazienti, 91 hanno ottenuto il ROSC (30.1%), 178 sono deceduti sul posto (58%) e 33 sono stati trasportati in ospedale CPR ongoing (10.9%). La sopravvivenza a 30 giorni è risultata pari al 11.5%. Sono risultati significativamente correlati al ROSC il tempo di no flow, il ritmo defibrillabile di presentazione, la dose totale di adrenalina somministrata e l’ETCO2≥10mmHg. Solo le prime due hanno mostrato una correlazione significativa con la sopravvivenza a 30 giorni dall’OHCA. Nessuna delle variabili analizzate ha mostrato una correlazione statisticamente significativa con l’outcome neurologico favorevole. Le IPA sono risultate significativamente correlate alla RCP da parte degli astanti, ma non all’utilizzo del DAE. La sede dell’OHCA ha dato risultati interessanti: il luogo privato risulta significativamente correlato al ROSC, ma quello pubblico è correlato ad una maggiore sopravvivenza a 30 giorni e ad un maggiore utilizzo del DAE da parte dell’astante. Emerge l’importanza di una diffusione capillare e strategica dei DAE in luoghi facilmente accessibili alla popolazione e la loro mappatura. I risultati del nostro studio confermano l’importanza di investire sulla qualità della RCP e di ridurre al minimo il tempo di no flow. L’operatore della CO118 gioca un ruolo cruciale attraverso le IPA e ulteriori analisi sono necessarie per valutare l’impatto della videochiamata nell’assistenza alla RCP. Servono ulteriori interventi per aumentare la consapevolezza della popolazione sull’OHCA e incoraggiarne l’intervento.
Arresto cardiaco extraospedaliero: fattori correlati alla sopravvivenza e impatto degli astanti e delle istruzioni pre-arrivo. Studio osservazionale retrospettivo della C.O. 118 S.U.E.M. di Treviso
BETTETO, GIORGIA
2022/2023
Abstract
OHCA is the third cause of death in Europe with an incidence of 67-170 cases per 100,000 inhabitants/year and an average survival rate at hospital discharge of 8%. AHA describes the ‘chain of survival’ as composed of six links: activation of the EMS, high-quality CPR, defibrillation, advanced resuscitation, post-arrest treatment and recovery. This is a system approach in which, with the specialized rescue teams, bystanders find increasing space. Trough pre-arrival instructions, the operation center dispatcher guides the caller in recognizing the OHCA and in resuscitation maneuvers. Bystanders’ CPR and use of an AED, combined with advanced rescue, allow to reduce no-flow time and increase the patient's chances of survival. It is essential that data relating to OHCA and their management be collected and analyzed in order to improve the patient's outcome. This dissertation aims at an epidemiological analysis of the OHCAs occurred in Treviso and Oderzo, and managed by the SUEM 118 operations center of Treviso, from 01/01/2021 to 30/07/2024, with the analysis of the following outcomes: outcome of resuscitation, 30-day survival rate and positive neurological outcome (mRS 0 – 3). A further objective is the analysis of the intervention by bystanders and the effect of the IPA on it. We conducted a retrospective observational study that included patients over 18 years of age, who had experienced a non-traumatic OHCA managed by the CO of Treviso and had undergone advanced resuscitation by the SUEM crew. The following variables were analyzed: age and sex of the patient, time of arrival at the target of the first aid vehicle, location, whether the arrest was witnessed, no flow and low flow time, IPA, bystanders’ CPR and use of the AED, presentation rhythm, defibrillation, administration of adrenaline and antiarrhythmics, airway management, outcome of resuscitation. Logistic regression models were used for univariate and multivariate analysis. We collected data about 375 OHCA cases, of which 73 were excluded. Median age was 71.5 years old and 80.1% of the subjects were male. Among these patients, 91 achieved ROSC (30.1%), 178 died on site (58%) and 33 were transported to hospital with ongoing CPR (10.9%). The 30-day survival rate was 11.5%. No flow time, shockable rhythm at presentation, total dose of adrenaline administered and ETCO2 ≥10mmHg were significantly correlated with ROSC. Only no-flow time and shockable rhythm showed a statistically significant correlation with 30-day survival after OHCA. None of the variables analyzed showed a statistically significant correlation with the favorable neurological outcome at 30 days. IPAs were significantly related to bystanders’ CPR, but not to AED use. The OHCA location gave interesting results: private place was significantly correlated with ROSC, but public place was associated with higher numbers of 30-day survival cases and more frequent use of the AED by bystanders. These findings highlight the importance of a widespread and strategic diffusion of AEDs in places easily accessible to the population and their mapping. Our results confirm the importance of investing in high quality CPR and in minimizing no flow time. The CO118 operator plays a fundamental role through IPAs and further analysis are necessary to evaluate the impact of video calls in assisting CPR. Further interventions are necessary to increase people's awareness on OHCA and encourage their intervention.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Arresto cardiaco extraospedaliero: fattori correlati alla sopravvivenza e impatto degli astanti e delle istruzioni pre-arrivo. Studio osservazionale retrospettivo della C.O. 118 S.U.E.M. di Treviso
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/77470