The sanctuary of Apollo Pythios was built in the mid-7th century BCE in Gortyn, located in the central-southern portion of the island of Crete (Greece). Its construction marks the beginning of a new phase in the history of Gortyn, as it goes together with the transferring of the city’s settlements from the hilltops to the Messara plain, which became the nucleus of the urban life in the Archaic period and the further development of the polis. The scope of this research is to analyze the ceramic material recovered in the 2019 excavations from the Protogeometric to the Archaic period. The presence of ceramic material from the Protogeometric and Geometric periods — earlier than the foundation of the sanctuary of Apollo — attests the presence of human activity in the area prior to the construction of the temple, thus inferring an earlier use of the plain than previously thought. The typology of the material, mostly corresponding to table and kitchen wares, as well as storage jars, hints into a use of the area for communal gathering and festivities. This work represents an important step towards the reconstruction of the history of the sanctuary and the city of Gortyn, as it can potentially enable the identification of continuities or discontinuities in the ceramic preparation that may hint at changes in local production techniques and the social dynamics of the region. An archaeometric analysis was performed on 46 ceramic sherds dating from the Protogeometric to the Archaic period, and aiming towards a characterization of the ceramic fabric that would allow the identification of continuities or transformations in the production technology throughout the centuries, as well as potentially hinting on the provenance of the pottery. A petrographic characterization through optical microscopy was applied in 17 of the samples, corresponding to the coarse grained material. Chemical analysis through X-Ray Fluorescence was applied to identify the major and trace elements of 20 of the samples, and the data were statistically treated with the software Statgraphics to analyze patterns of clustering and the chemical variables responsible of data variability by principal component analysis. Lastly, all the samples were characterized in terms of mineralogical composition through X-Ray Powder Diffraction. The results were combined with the typo-chronological data of the material undertaken by the Universities of Padua and Bochum in previous research, as well as with those obtained by the macroscopic analysis of the fabric in the early stages of this work and that enabled the identification of some characteristics of the ceramic body that allowed an initial classification of the material into macrofabric. From this multi-analytical research, it was possible to evaluate the continuities or discontinuities in the paste preparation from the Protogeometric to the Archaic period, potentially hinting changes in local production techniques, cultural and social dynamics of the region. This research represents an important step towards the reconstruction of the history of Gortyn, as it can provide new insights into the spatial organization of the region prior to the foundation of the sanctuary of Apollo, which later evolved as a major center for communal gathering in the city.
Il santuario di Apollo Pizio fu costruito a metà del VII secolo a.C. a Gortina, situata nella parte centro-meridionale dell'isola di Creta (Grecia). La sua costruzione segna l'inizio di una nuova fase nella storia di Gortina, poiché coincide con il trasferimento degli insediamenti dalle sommità delle colline alla piana di Messarà, che divenne il nucleo della vita urbana durante il periodo arcaico e favorì lo sviluppo della polis. L'obiettivo di questa ricerca è analizzare archaeometricamente parte del materiale ceramico recuperato negli scavi del 2019, risalente dal periodo Protogeometrico a quello Arcaico. La presenza di materiale ceramico dei periodi Protogeometrico e Geometrico — precedente alla fondazione del santuario di Apollo — attesta l’attività umana nell'area prima della costruzione del tempio, suggerendo così un utilizzo della pianura anteriore a quanto precedentemente ipotizzato. La tipologia del materiale, costituita principalmente da vasellame da mensa e da cucina, oltre che da anfore, indica un utilizzo dell'area per riunioni comunitarie e festività. Questo lavoro rappresenta un passo importante per la ricostruzione della storia del santuario e della città di Gortina, poiché può potenzialmente consentire l'identificazione di continuità o discontinuità nella preparazione della ceramica che potrebbero suggerire cambiamenti nelle tecniche di produzione locali e nelle dinamiche sociali. L’analisi archeometrica è stata eseguita su 46 frammenti ceramici databili dal periodo Protogeometrico a quello Arcaico, con l’obiettivo di caratterizzare il materiale ceramico e permettere l'identificazione di continuità o trasformazioni nelle tecnologie produttive attraverso i secoli, oltre a suggerire potenzialmente la provenienza della ceramica. Una caratterizzazione petrografica tramite microscopia ottica è stata applicata a 17 campioni, corrispondenti al materiale a grana grossa. L’analisi chimica mediante fluorescenza a raggi X è stata applicata a 20 campioni per identificare gli elementi principali e in tracce, e i dati sono stati trattati statisticamente con il software Statgraphics per analizzare i pattern di clustering e le variabili chimiche responsabili della variabilità dei dati mediante analisi delle componenti principali. Infine, tutti i campioni sono stati caratterizzati in termini di composizione mineralogica tramite diffrazione di raggi X su polveri. I risultati sono stati combinati con i dati tipocronologici del materiale ottenuti dalle Università di Padova e di Bochum in ricerche precedenti, nonché con quelli ricavati dall’analisi macroscopica del impasto nelle fasi iniziali di questo lavoro, che ha permesso l'identificazione di alcune caratteristiche del corpo ceramico per una classificazione iniziale del materiale in macro-fabbricati. Grazie a questa ricerca multi-analitica, è stato possibile valutare le continuità o discontinuità nella preparazione delle paste dal periodo Protogeometrico a quello Arcaico, suggerendo potenziali cambiamenti nelle tecniche di produzione locali, nelle dinamiche culturali e sociali della regione. Questa ricerca rappresenta un importante passo verso la ricostruzione della storia di Gortina, poiché può fornire nuove prospettive sull'organizzazione spaziale prima della fondazione del santuario di Apollo, un importante centro di aggregazione comunitaria nella città.
Remains of a sacred past: archaeometric characterization of Protogeometric to Archaic ceramics from the sanctuary of Apollo Pythios in Gortyn, Crete
COSTI FARIAS, BIANCA
2023/2024
Abstract
The sanctuary of Apollo Pythios was built in the mid-7th century BCE in Gortyn, located in the central-southern portion of the island of Crete (Greece). Its construction marks the beginning of a new phase in the history of Gortyn, as it goes together with the transferring of the city’s settlements from the hilltops to the Messara plain, which became the nucleus of the urban life in the Archaic period and the further development of the polis. The scope of this research is to analyze the ceramic material recovered in the 2019 excavations from the Protogeometric to the Archaic period. The presence of ceramic material from the Protogeometric and Geometric periods — earlier than the foundation of the sanctuary of Apollo — attests the presence of human activity in the area prior to the construction of the temple, thus inferring an earlier use of the plain than previously thought. The typology of the material, mostly corresponding to table and kitchen wares, as well as storage jars, hints into a use of the area for communal gathering and festivities. This work represents an important step towards the reconstruction of the history of the sanctuary and the city of Gortyn, as it can potentially enable the identification of continuities or discontinuities in the ceramic preparation that may hint at changes in local production techniques and the social dynamics of the region. An archaeometric analysis was performed on 46 ceramic sherds dating from the Protogeometric to the Archaic period, and aiming towards a characterization of the ceramic fabric that would allow the identification of continuities or transformations in the production technology throughout the centuries, as well as potentially hinting on the provenance of the pottery. A petrographic characterization through optical microscopy was applied in 17 of the samples, corresponding to the coarse grained material. Chemical analysis through X-Ray Fluorescence was applied to identify the major and trace elements of 20 of the samples, and the data were statistically treated with the software Statgraphics to analyze patterns of clustering and the chemical variables responsible of data variability by principal component analysis. Lastly, all the samples were characterized in terms of mineralogical composition through X-Ray Powder Diffraction. The results were combined with the typo-chronological data of the material undertaken by the Universities of Padua and Bochum in previous research, as well as with those obtained by the macroscopic analysis of the fabric in the early stages of this work and that enabled the identification of some characteristics of the ceramic body that allowed an initial classification of the material into macrofabric. From this multi-analytical research, it was possible to evaluate the continuities or discontinuities in the paste preparation from the Protogeometric to the Archaic period, potentially hinting changes in local production techniques, cultural and social dynamics of the region. This research represents an important step towards the reconstruction of the history of Gortyn, as it can provide new insights into the spatial organization of the region prior to the foundation of the sanctuary of Apollo, which later evolved as a major center for communal gathering in the city.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/78704