Dutch elm disease is a serious disease that since the beginning of the last century has caused the death of millions of elm trees in Europe and North America, effectively modifying the rural landscape and streetscapes. The disease has had two epidemic waves, the first was caused by the invasive species Ophiostoma ulmi and the second by the species Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Both species belong to the group of ascomycete fungi and their infectious cycle is closely linked to the life cycle of some bark beetles that feed on the elm spring shoots and favour the entry of the pathogen. Over the last few years the disease has been observed in various Italian regions. Given the lack of information on the causes of this new epidemic wave and the strong impact of the disease from a landscape point of view, a research has been conducted to clarify its aetiology. Phytosanitary monitoring was conducted in 17 elm formations distributed in 7 Italian regions: Lazio, Marche, Tuscany, Sardinia, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Lombardy. A total of 82 samples of branches, twigs and trunks were collected from field elm plants that showed typical symptoms of the disease in various stages of development. Laboratory diagnostic tests allowed the isolation of 52 fungal colonies, 34 of which belonging to the species Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. The study of the col1 gene region on a representative set of colonies of the pathogen obtained from the regions under investigation allowed to ascertain the presence of both genetic variants (haplotypes) of the species albeit with a different geographical distribution. The American variant called NAN was the most widespread in all regions while the European variant called EAN was isolated only in Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. In addition to O. novo-ulmi from the symptomatic samples other phytopathogenic fungi were isolated. In particular, some members belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family: Dothiorella sarmentorum and D. symphoricarpicola, Phaeobotryon ulmi, Diplodia seriata and Botryosphaeria dothidea were isolated. The results of this research underline on the one hand that the American variant of O. novo-ulmi is now dominant in Italy and on the other hand that in the current recrudescence of the disease other phytopathogenic microorganisms also play a key role, and in particular, various fungal species belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family.
La grafiosi dell'olmo è una grave malattia che fin dagli inizi del secolo scorso ha causato in Europa e Nord America la morte di milioni di piante di olmo modificando, di fatto, il paesaggio rurale e le alberature cittadine. La malattia ha avuto due ondate epidemiche, la prima è stata causata dalla specie invasiva Ophiostoma ulmi mentre la seconda dalla specie Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Entrambe le specie appartengono al raggruppamento dei funghi ascomiceti e il loro ciclo infettivo è strettamente legato al ciclo vitale di alcuni coleotteri scolitidi che nutrendosi nei germogli primaverili dell’olmo favoriscono l’ingresso del patogeno. Nel corso degli ultimi anni la malattia ha ripreso vigore in varie regioni Italiane. Vista l’assenza di informazioni sulle cause di questa nuova ondata epidemica e il forte impatto della malattia dal punto di vista paesaggistico è stata condotta una ricerca per chiarirne l’eziologia. Il monitoraggio fitosanitario è stato condotto in 17 formazioni ad olmo distribuite in 7 regioni italiane: Lazio, Marche, Toscana, Sardegna, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia e Lombardia. Complessivamente sono stati raccolti 82 campioni di branche, rami e fusto da piante di olmo campestre che presentavano i sintomi tipici della malattia in vari stadi di sviluppo. Le indagini diagnostiche di laboratorio hanno consentito di isolare 52 colonie fungine, 34 delle quali appartenenti alla specie Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Lo studio della regione genica col1 su un campione rappresentativo del patogeno comprendente tutte le regioni oggetto di indagine ha permesso di individuare la presenza di entrambe le varianti geniche (aplotipi) seppur con una differente distribuzione geografica. La variante americana denominata NAN è risultata quella maggiormente diffusa in tutte le regioni mentre la variante europea del patogeno denominata EAN è stata isolata solo in Veneto e Friuli-Venezia Giulia. Oltre all’O. novo-ulmi dai campioni sintomatici sono stati isolati anche altri funghi fitopatogeni agenti di cancri e disseccamenti tra cui varie specie appartenenti alla famiglia delle Botryosphaeriaceae: Dothiorella sarmentorum e D. symphoricarpicola, Phaeobotryon ulmi, Diplodia seriata e Botryosphaeria dothidea. I risultati di questa ricerca sottolineano da un lato che la variante americana del patogeno è ormai dominante in Italia e dall’altro lato che nell’attuale recrudescenza della malattia rivestono un ruolo chiave anche altri microrganismi fitopatogeni, ed in particolare, varie specie fungine afferenti alla famiglia delle Botryosphaeriaceae.
Nuove acquisizioni sull’eziologia della grafiosi dell’olmo in Italia
BOTTI, FRANCESCA
2023/2024
Abstract
Dutch elm disease is a serious disease that since the beginning of the last century has caused the death of millions of elm trees in Europe and North America, effectively modifying the rural landscape and streetscapes. The disease has had two epidemic waves, the first was caused by the invasive species Ophiostoma ulmi and the second by the species Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. Both species belong to the group of ascomycete fungi and their infectious cycle is closely linked to the life cycle of some bark beetles that feed on the elm spring shoots and favour the entry of the pathogen. Over the last few years the disease has been observed in various Italian regions. Given the lack of information on the causes of this new epidemic wave and the strong impact of the disease from a landscape point of view, a research has been conducted to clarify its aetiology. Phytosanitary monitoring was conducted in 17 elm formations distributed in 7 Italian regions: Lazio, Marche, Tuscany, Sardinia, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Lombardy. A total of 82 samples of branches, twigs and trunks were collected from field elm plants that showed typical symptoms of the disease in various stages of development. Laboratory diagnostic tests allowed the isolation of 52 fungal colonies, 34 of which belonging to the species Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. The study of the col1 gene region on a representative set of colonies of the pathogen obtained from the regions under investigation allowed to ascertain the presence of both genetic variants (haplotypes) of the species albeit with a different geographical distribution. The American variant called NAN was the most widespread in all regions while the European variant called EAN was isolated only in Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. In addition to O. novo-ulmi from the symptomatic samples other phytopathogenic fungi were isolated. In particular, some members belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family: Dothiorella sarmentorum and D. symphoricarpicola, Phaeobotryon ulmi, Diplodia seriata and Botryosphaeria dothidea were isolated. The results of this research underline on the one hand that the American variant of O. novo-ulmi is now dominant in Italy and on the other hand that in the current recrudescence of the disease other phytopathogenic microorganisms also play a key role, and in particular, various fungal species belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/80354