Background. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia worldwide, associated with significant clinical and socioeconomic impacts. It is a progressive condition that deteriorates quality of life and contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. The autonomic nervous system plays a pivotal role in the onset and maintenance of the arrhythmia and is therefore sometimes targeted for therapeutic interventions. Catheter ablation is an ever-evolving pillar in the management of AF. Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is the latest available technology for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation, with capability to generate irreversible and cardiomyocytes-selective electroporation of cell membranes. This mechanism allows to minimize incidental damage to adjacent structures, such as the autonomic nervous system. However, collateral autonomic damage during thermal energy ablation has been postulated to play a role in preventing arrhythmic recurrences. Conversely, preservation of autonomic function could potentially mitigate adverse effects, such as inappropriate sinus tachycardia or reduced physical performance. Aim. To investigate the impact of PFA on the autonomic nervous system and its consequences on clinical efficacy, as compared to thermal energy ablation techniques. Methods. This is a retrospective observational study of consecutive patients undergoing AF catheter ablation with either radiofrequency (RF) or PFA, performed between September 2022 and October 2024 at dell’Angelo Hospital, Mestre. Heart rate and heart rate variability were analysed as indicators of autonomic function using 24-hour Holter ECG recordings obtained one month after the procedure. The PFA group was compared to the RF group. Results. A total of 291 patients underwent 298 catheter ablation procedures, 189 (63.4%) with RF and 109 (36.6%) with PFA. The cohort was predominantly male (73.8%), with a median age of 65 years (IQR 57-71), median ejection fraction of 59% (IQR 53-62), and median left atrial volume of 39 mL/m² (IQR 31-45). Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Paroxysmal AF was the most common form (56.4%). No significant differences were observed in comorbidities, CHA₂DS₂VA score, or NYHA class. Moderate or severe mitral regurgitation was more frequent in the PFA group (17.4% vs 8.8%; p=.028). Redo procedures were more common in the RF group (23.8% vs 12.8%; p=.022). PFA was associated with longer fluoroscopy times (31 vs 13 minutes; p<.001) but shorter procedural duration (107 vs 200 minutes; p<.001) and surgery room occupancy time (195 vs 270 minutes; p<.001). PFA more commonly involved posterior wall ablation, while RF was more frequently used for ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus and non-pulmonary vein triggers (p<.001). Periprocedural complications were rare (11 cases; 3.7%) and generally non-severe. At one month, RF patients more frequently received beta-blockers (p=.016) and class III antiarrhythmics (p=.005). At one month, heart rate variability was higher in PFA patients in both time and frequency domains. During follow-up (median 302 days), the PFA group demonstrated a significantly higher arrhythmia-free survival rate (p=.016). Conclusions. In patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation, PFA seems to preserve autonomic nervous system function, as evidenced by superior heart rate variability compared to radiofrequency ablation. This property apparently does not compromise the effectiveness of the procedure in preventing arrhythmic recurrences.
La fibrillazione atriale (FA) rappresenta la principale aritmia cardiaca a livello globale, gravata da un impatto clinico e socioeconomico di primo piano. È una patologia progressiva, con conseguenze rilevanti in termini di peggioramento della qualità della vita e sviluppo di patologie cardiovascolari. Il sistema nervoso autonomo è centrale nell’insorgenza e nel mantenimento dell’aritmia e, pertanto, talvolta utilizzato come target terapeutico. L’ablazione transcatetere è uno strumento cruciale e in continua evoluzione nella gestione dell’aritmia. La pulsed field ablation (PFA) è la più recente tecnologia per l’ablazione transcatetere della fibrillazione atriale, in grado di generare delle lesioni attraverso l’elettroporazione irreversibile e selettiva della membrana dei cardiomiociti. Questo meccanismo consente di minimizzare il danno incidentale alle strutture adiacenti, tra cui il sistema nervoso vegetativo. Tuttavia, la lesione collaterale del sistema autonomo durante l’ablazione con energia termica si ritiene abbia un ruolo nella prevenzione delle recidive aritmiche, mentre, la sua preservazione potrebbe evitare potenziali effetti negativi, come la tachicardia sinusale inappropriata o la riduzione della performance fisica. Scopo Indagare, mediante un confronto con le tecniche di ablazione ad energia termica, l’impatto della PFA sul sistema nervoso autonomo e le sue conseguenze sull’efficacia clinica. Metodi È stato condotto uno studio osservazionale e retrospettivo su pazienti consecutivi sottoposti ad ablazione transcatetere di fibrillazione atriale mediante radiofrequenza (RF) oppure PFA, tra il settembre 2022 e l’ottobre 2024, presso l’Ospedale dell’Angelo di Mestre. Sono stati analizzati la frequenza cardiaca e la heart rate variability a distanza di un mese dalla procedura attraverso la registrazione di un ECG Holter delle 24h, quali indicatori della funzionalità del sistema autonomo. Il gruppo PFA è stato confrontato con il gruppo sottoposto ad ablazione mediante RF. Risultati Sono stati inclusi 291 pazienti sottoposti a 298 procedure di ablazione transcatetere, 189 (63.4%) RF e 109 (36.6%) PFA. Il 73.8% dei pazienti era di sesso maschile, con età mediana di 65 anni (IQ 57-71), frazione d’eiezione mediana del 59% (IQ 53-62) e volume atriale sinistro mediano di 39 mL/m2 (IQ 31-45). Tali caratteristiche erano simili nei due gruppi. La FA parossistica era la forma prevalente (56.4%). Non vi erano differenze in termini di comorbidità, CHA2Ds2VA score e classe NYHA. Nei pazienti PFA, una proporzione maggiore presentava insufficienza mitralica almeno moderata (17.4% vs 8.8%; p=.028) e vi era una minore percentuale di procedure redo (12.8% vs 23.8%; p=.022). La PFA ha mostrato una maggiore durata della fluoroscopia (31 vs 13 min; p<.001) e una minore durata procedurale (107 vs 200 min; p<.001) e di occupazione della sala (195 vs 270 min; p<.001). Con la PFA l’ablazione ha più spesso coinvolto la parete posteriore, mentre la RF è stata più frequentemente estesa all’istmo cavo-tricuspidalico e a non-pulmonary veins triggers (p<.001). Le complicanze peri-procedurali sono state rare (3.7%) e in genere non gravi. Ad un mese, i pazienti RF assumevano più spesso beta-bloccanti (p=.016) e antiaritmici di classe III (p=.005). Ad un mese dalla procedura, la heart rate variability era maggiore nei pazienti PFA nei domini sia del tempo che della frequenza. Durante il follow up (mediana 302 giorni), nel gruppo PFA si è osservato un tasso di sopravvivenza libera da recidive aritmiche significativamente superiore (p=.016). Conclusioni Nei pazienti sottoposti ad ablazione transcatetere di fibrillazione atriale, la PFA appare in grado di preservare la funzione del sistema nervoso autonomo, con una heart rate variability superiore rispetto ai pazienti sottoposti a radiofrequenza. Tale proprietà non sembra compromettere l’efficacia della procedura nella prevenzione delle recidive aritmiche.
Impatto dell’ablazione transcatetere sul sistema nervoso autonomo in pazienti con fibrillazione atriale: un confronto tra l’ablazione a radiofrequenza e la Pulsed Field Ablation
FORLIN, ENRICO
2022/2023
Abstract
Background. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia worldwide, associated with significant clinical and socioeconomic impacts. It is a progressive condition that deteriorates quality of life and contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. The autonomic nervous system plays a pivotal role in the onset and maintenance of the arrhythmia and is therefore sometimes targeted for therapeutic interventions. Catheter ablation is an ever-evolving pillar in the management of AF. Pulsed field ablation (PFA) is the latest available technology for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation, with capability to generate irreversible and cardiomyocytes-selective electroporation of cell membranes. This mechanism allows to minimize incidental damage to adjacent structures, such as the autonomic nervous system. However, collateral autonomic damage during thermal energy ablation has been postulated to play a role in preventing arrhythmic recurrences. Conversely, preservation of autonomic function could potentially mitigate adverse effects, such as inappropriate sinus tachycardia or reduced physical performance. Aim. To investigate the impact of PFA on the autonomic nervous system and its consequences on clinical efficacy, as compared to thermal energy ablation techniques. Methods. This is a retrospective observational study of consecutive patients undergoing AF catheter ablation with either radiofrequency (RF) or PFA, performed between September 2022 and October 2024 at dell’Angelo Hospital, Mestre. Heart rate and heart rate variability were analysed as indicators of autonomic function using 24-hour Holter ECG recordings obtained one month after the procedure. The PFA group was compared to the RF group. Results. A total of 291 patients underwent 298 catheter ablation procedures, 189 (63.4%) with RF and 109 (36.6%) with PFA. The cohort was predominantly male (73.8%), with a median age of 65 years (IQR 57-71), median ejection fraction of 59% (IQR 53-62), and median left atrial volume of 39 mL/m² (IQR 31-45). Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Paroxysmal AF was the most common form (56.4%). No significant differences were observed in comorbidities, CHA₂DS₂VA score, or NYHA class. Moderate or severe mitral regurgitation was more frequent in the PFA group (17.4% vs 8.8%; p=.028). Redo procedures were more common in the RF group (23.8% vs 12.8%; p=.022). PFA was associated with longer fluoroscopy times (31 vs 13 minutes; p<.001) but shorter procedural duration (107 vs 200 minutes; p<.001) and surgery room occupancy time (195 vs 270 minutes; p<.001). PFA more commonly involved posterior wall ablation, while RF was more frequently used for ablation of cavotricuspid isthmus and non-pulmonary vein triggers (p<.001). Periprocedural complications were rare (11 cases; 3.7%) and generally non-severe. At one month, RF patients more frequently received beta-blockers (p=.016) and class III antiarrhythmics (p=.005). At one month, heart rate variability was higher in PFA patients in both time and frequency domains. During follow-up (median 302 days), the PFA group demonstrated a significantly higher arrhythmia-free survival rate (p=.016). Conclusions. In patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation, PFA seems to preserve autonomic nervous system function, as evidenced by superior heart rate variability compared to radiofrequency ablation. This property apparently does not compromise the effectiveness of the procedure in preventing arrhythmic recurrences.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/81317