Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become the preferred treatment for severe aortic stenosis in patients > 75 years old across all surgical risk profiles. The ballon-expandable (BEV) Edwards SAPIEN 3/Ultra (S3/S3U) valve, available in four different sizes, can cover aortic annulus areas ranging from 273 mm2 up to 683 mm2. For annulus measure that fall within a borderline size range between two valve sizes, operators often adjust the filling volume of the ballon delivery catheter to better comply the patient’s anatomy. However specific recommendations regarding valve sizing or balloon filling strategies for these patients are currently lacking. Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate the mid-term clinical outcomes of patients who underwent TAVR using the BEV SAPIEN 3/Ultra valves, stratified by implantation filling methods (nominal, underfilled, and overfilled), with a specific focus on borderline aortic annuli area. Methods: The INTERMEDIATE-TAVR is an international, multicenter, retrospective registry that includes all patients who underwent TAVR for severe symptomatic aortic stenosis treated with S3/S3U valves from 2015 to 2023. All patients underwent pre-procedural computed tomography scan to assess the aortic annulus dimensions. A transthoracic echocardiography was performed at baseline, 30-days and 1-year follow-up. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at longest follow-up available. Secondary endpoints included device success, defined according the VARC-3 criteria, and the valve mean gradient at 1 year echocardiography. Results: Of 718 patients included in the study, 9 (1.2%) patients received a 20 mm valve, 338 (47.0%) received a 23 mm valve, 288 (40.1%) received a 26 mm valve and 83 (11.6%) received a 29 mm valve. Regarding the filling method in the overall cohort, 58 (8.1%) patients were treated with an underfilled valve, 579 (80.6%) with a nominal filled valve and 81 (11.3%) with an overfilled valve. A total of 288 patients (40.1%) had a borderline annulus area, of whom 54 (7.5%) were in the range between 20 mm and 23 mm valves, 128 (44.5%) in the range for 23 mm to 26 mm valves and 106 (36.8%) in the range for 26 mm to 29 mm size. Due to the under-representation of patients who received a 20 mm valve, this group was excluded from analysis. The mean follow-up of the study was 665 days. Primary endpoint occurred in 27 patients (3.8%), with no statistical differences observed across filling groups (p = 0.37) or within specific borderline annuli populations (400–430 mm2 treated with 23 mm overfilled or 26 underfilled, p= 0.40; 500–546 mm2 treated with 26 mm overfilled or 29 underfilled, p= 0.36). Similarly, no significant differences in device success rates were found across the filling groups (p > 0.05). At multivariate analysis, male sex and annulus aortic area were the only independent predictors of device success (OR 2.89 95% CI 1.10 – 7.60 p= 0.03 and OR 1.01 95% CI 1.0 – 1.02 p= 0.04). At 30-days follow-up, the 23 mm underfilled valve showed higher mean gradient compared to nominal or over-filled 23 mm valves (p = 0.004). However, this difference faded at 1-year follow-up, despite maintaining a trend towards significancy (p=0.07). The analysis of borderline annulus measurements groups revealed no significant differences in 30-days and 1-years mean gradient (p > 0.05) between larger underfilled valves and smaller overfilled valves. Conclusions: Borderline aortic annulus area is a common finding in patients undergoing TAVR with S3/S3U valves. In this scenario, adjusting the filling volume of the delivery catheter balloon seems to be a safe and effective strategy. Given the absence of negative impact on device success and mid-term mortality, the choice between larger underfilled or smaller overfilled valves in borderline annuli may consider other factors such as anatomical characteristics. Further research should focus on long-term valve durability and outcomes.
Introduzione: La sostituzione transcatetere della valvola aortica (TAVR) è diventata il trattamento preferenziale per la stenosi aortica severa nei pazienti con età > 75 anni, indipendentemente dal rischio chirurgico. La valvola espandibile su pallone Edwards SAPIEN 3/Ultra (S3/S3U), disponibile in quattro dimensioni, è idonea per aree anulari aortiche da 273 mm² a 683 mm². Per annuli borderline tra due dimensioni di valvole, gli operatori possono regolare il volume di riempimento del pallone del delivery catheter per ottimizzare l’impianto secondo l’anatomia del paziente. Tuttavia, mancano raccomandazioni specifiche per la scelta della dimensione della valvola o delle strategie di riempimento del pallone in tali scenari. Obiettivo dello studio: Lo studio mira a valutare gli outcomes clinici a medio termine nei pazienti sottoposti a TAVR con valvole S3/S3U, stratificati per volumi di riempimento (nominale, underfilled e overfilled), con particolare attenzione agli annuli borderline. Metodi: Il registro INTERMEDIATE-TAVR è uno studio internazionale, multicentrico e retrospettivo, che include pazienti trattati con valvole S3/S3U tra il 2015 e il 2023. Tutti i pazienti sono stati sottoposti ad esame TC per valutare l’area, il perimetro e i diametri dell’annulus aortico, oltre ai diametri dell’LVOT. Un ecocardiogramma è stato eseguito al baseline, a 30 giorni e ad 1 anno di follow-up. L’endpoint primario era la mortalità per tutte le cause al follow-up più lungo disponibile. Gli endpoint secondari includevano il device success (criteri VARC-3) e il gradiente medio della valvola ad 1 anno. Risultati: La popolazione dello studio era composta da 718 pazienti. Nove hanno ricevuto una valvola da 20 mm, 338 una da 23 mm, 288 una da 26 mm e 83 una da 29 mm. Per metodo di riempimento, 58 pazienti sono stati trattati con valvole underfilled, 579 con valvole nominal-filled e 81 con valvole overfilled. Un totale di 288 pazienti presentava un annulus borderline. 54 rientravano nell’intervallo tra valvole da 20 mm e 23 mm, 128 tra 23 mm e 26 mm, e 106 tra 26 mm e 29 mm. A causa della sottorappresentazione delle valvole da 20 mm, questo gruppo è stato escluso dall’analisi. Il follow-up medio è stato di 665 giorni. La mortalità per tutte le cause è stata osservata in 27 pazienti, senza differenze significative tra i gruppi di riempimento o nelle coorti con annuli borderline. Per gli annuli compresi tra 400 e 430 mm², trattati con valvola da 23 mm overfilled o da 26 mm underfilled, non si sono osservate differenze significative. Lo stesso vale per annuli tra 500 e 546 mm² trattati con valvola da 26 mm overfilled o da 29 mm underfilled. Non sono state riscontrate differenze significative nei tassi di device success tra i gruppi di riempimento. All’analisi multivariata, i predittori indipendenti di device success sono risultati essere il sesso maschile e l’area dell’annulus aortico. A 30 giorni, la valvola da 23 mm underfilled ha mostrato un gradiente medio più elevato rispetto alla valvola da 23 mm con riempimento nominale o overfilled. Tuttavia, questa differenza non si è mantenuta al follow-up di 1 anno, dimostrando solo una tendenza verso la significatività. Per gli annuli borderline, non sono emerse differenze significative nel gradiente medio tra le valvole più grandi underfilled e quelle più piccole overfilled, sia a 30 giorni che ad 1 anno. Conclusioni: le aree borderline dell’annulus aortico sono comuni nei pazienti sottoposti a TAVR con valvole S3/S3U. Regolare il volume di filling del pallone del delivery catheter rappresenta una strategia sicura ed efficace. Non si osservano impatti negativi in termini di device success o mortalità a medio termine. La scelta tra valvole di dimensioni maggiori underfilled o minori overfilled dovrebbe considerare fattori anatomici aggiuntivi. Ulteriori studi dovrebbero focalizzarsi sulla durability della bioprotesi e sugli outcomes a lungo termine.
Impact of Under- and Over-Filling of Balloon-Expandable Sapien 3/Ultra Transcatheter Aortic Valves in Borderline Aortic Annulus Sizing: The INTERMEDIATE-TAVR Registry
PANZA, ANDREA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become the preferred treatment for severe aortic stenosis in patients > 75 years old across all surgical risk profiles. The ballon-expandable (BEV) Edwards SAPIEN 3/Ultra (S3/S3U) valve, available in four different sizes, can cover aortic annulus areas ranging from 273 mm2 up to 683 mm2. For annulus measure that fall within a borderline size range between two valve sizes, operators often adjust the filling volume of the ballon delivery catheter to better comply the patient’s anatomy. However specific recommendations regarding valve sizing or balloon filling strategies for these patients are currently lacking. Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate the mid-term clinical outcomes of patients who underwent TAVR using the BEV SAPIEN 3/Ultra valves, stratified by implantation filling methods (nominal, underfilled, and overfilled), with a specific focus on borderline aortic annuli area. Methods: The INTERMEDIATE-TAVR is an international, multicenter, retrospective registry that includes all patients who underwent TAVR for severe symptomatic aortic stenosis treated with S3/S3U valves from 2015 to 2023. All patients underwent pre-procedural computed tomography scan to assess the aortic annulus dimensions. A transthoracic echocardiography was performed at baseline, 30-days and 1-year follow-up. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at longest follow-up available. Secondary endpoints included device success, defined according the VARC-3 criteria, and the valve mean gradient at 1 year echocardiography. Results: Of 718 patients included in the study, 9 (1.2%) patients received a 20 mm valve, 338 (47.0%) received a 23 mm valve, 288 (40.1%) received a 26 mm valve and 83 (11.6%) received a 29 mm valve. Regarding the filling method in the overall cohort, 58 (8.1%) patients were treated with an underfilled valve, 579 (80.6%) with a nominal filled valve and 81 (11.3%) with an overfilled valve. A total of 288 patients (40.1%) had a borderline annulus area, of whom 54 (7.5%) were in the range between 20 mm and 23 mm valves, 128 (44.5%) in the range for 23 mm to 26 mm valves and 106 (36.8%) in the range for 26 mm to 29 mm size. Due to the under-representation of patients who received a 20 mm valve, this group was excluded from analysis. The mean follow-up of the study was 665 days. Primary endpoint occurred in 27 patients (3.8%), with no statistical differences observed across filling groups (p = 0.37) or within specific borderline annuli populations (400–430 mm2 treated with 23 mm overfilled or 26 underfilled, p= 0.40; 500–546 mm2 treated with 26 mm overfilled or 29 underfilled, p= 0.36). Similarly, no significant differences in device success rates were found across the filling groups (p > 0.05). At multivariate analysis, male sex and annulus aortic area were the only independent predictors of device success (OR 2.89 95% CI 1.10 – 7.60 p= 0.03 and OR 1.01 95% CI 1.0 – 1.02 p= 0.04). At 30-days follow-up, the 23 mm underfilled valve showed higher mean gradient compared to nominal or over-filled 23 mm valves (p = 0.004). However, this difference faded at 1-year follow-up, despite maintaining a trend towards significancy (p=0.07). The analysis of borderline annulus measurements groups revealed no significant differences in 30-days and 1-years mean gradient (p > 0.05) between larger underfilled valves and smaller overfilled valves. Conclusions: Borderline aortic annulus area is a common finding in patients undergoing TAVR with S3/S3U valves. In this scenario, adjusting the filling volume of the delivery catheter balloon seems to be a safe and effective strategy. Given the absence of negative impact on device success and mid-term mortality, the choice between larger underfilled or smaller overfilled valves in borderline annuli may consider other factors such as anatomical characteristics. Further research should focus on long-term valve durability and outcomes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/81323