Background: Cardiac arrest remains one of the leading causes of death in Europe. The underlying etiology and affected population are highly heterogeneous. Once spontaneous circulation is restored (ROSC), the management of post-cardiac arrest syndrome becomes crucial, aiming to prevent associated complications, limit neurological disability, and, ultimately, reduce mortality. Therefore, identifying potential prognostic predictors, combined in a multiparametric assessment, is essential to guide monitoring and therapeutic decisions during intensive care unit (ICU) admission, identifying patients at higher risk of death. However, validated predictive models are lacking that have real clinical applicability to describe the actual impact of the considered variables. Study purpose: The aim of this study is the clinical and instrumental characterization of patients affected by OHCA following ROSC, as well as the identification of potential determinants of poor prognosis during hospitalization. Additionally, the goal was to create an easily applicable prognostic stratification score that could be validated and implemented in daily clinical practice. Material and methods: This is a retrospective observational study of patients with OHCA following ROSC, admitted to the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) of the University Hospital of Padua (AOUP) between January 2018 and December 2024. The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 237 patients were included in the study, of which 78% were male, with a mean age of 67 (58-79) years. Of these, 88 (37%) experienced in-hospital death. The most common cause was ischemic origin, particularly STEMI (29.5%, n = 70). Patients with an unfavorable outcome were older (72, 63-79 years), had an arrest due to non-defibrillable rhythm (78.9%, n = 187), and received higher amounts of adrenaline during resuscitation (3.0 mg, 1.0-5.0 mg) compared to patients who did not die in-hospital. The majority of cardiac arrests occurred in the out-of-hospital setting (84.8%, n = 201), more frequently in patients with an unfavorable outcome (32%, n = 76). Patients with an unfavorable outcome had higher lactate levels upon admission (7.6 mmol/L, 6-11 mmol/L). Although diabetes mellitus was present in a minority of the population (27%, n = 64), it had a significant prognostic impact on in-hospital mortality (p-value < 0,001). Multivariate analysis led to the development of a prognostic model based on age, lactate and pH at admission, presence of diabetes, amount of adrenaline, defibrillable rhythm, and witnessed arrest, with good diagnostic accuracy (AUC 0.84). Discussion: In the analyzed cohort, 37% experienced exitus. Several clinical and instrumental variables were found to be correlated with an unfavorable outcome. Based on these data, a predictive model for short-term prognostic stratification was developed, consisting of: patient age, witnessed cardiac arrest, first shockable rhythm, amount of adrenaline administered during CPR, lactate and pH values at admission, and EF% value. Conclusions: The predictive model for unfavorable outcome developed, consisting of objective and directly measurable variables, could serve as a useful tool for the creation of prognostic scores, applicable in the management algorithm of post-ROSC patients, which are often complex, pending appropriate validation in further prospective studies.
Introduzione: L’arresto cardiaco rappresenta ancora una delle principali cause di morte in Europa. L’eziologia sottostante e la popolazione colpita è molto eterogenea. Una volta ottenuto il ripristino della circolazione spontanea (ROSC) diviene fondamentale la gestione ospedaliera della sindrome post-arresto cardiaco, prevenendo le complicanze associate, limitando la disabilità neurologica ed infine riducendo la mortalità. Risulta, quindi, cruciale l’identificazione di possibili predittori di prognosi, combinati in una valutazione multiparametrica, che possano guidare il monitoraggio e le decisioni terapeutiche durante la degenza in terapia intensiva, individuando i pazienti a più alto rischio di exitus. Mancano, però, modelli predittivi validati che abbiano una reale applicazione in ambito clinico per descrivere l’impatto reale delle variabili considerate. Scopo dello studio: L’intento di questa tesi è la caratterizzazione clinico-strumentale dei pazienti colpiti da OHCA in seguito a ROSC nonché l’identificazione di possibili determinanti di prognosi infausta intra-ricovero. Inoltre, si è mirato a realizzare uno score di stratificazione prognostica di facile utilizzo da poter validare e applicare nella pratica clinica quotidiana. Materiali e Metodi: Si tratta di uno studio retrospettivo osservazionale di pazienti affetti da OHCA in seguito al ROSC, ricoverati presso l’Unità di Cure Intensive Cardiologiche (UTIC) dell’Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova (AOUP) tra gennaio 2018 e dicembre 2024 compresi. L’outcome oggetto di interesse è stato la morte intraospedaliera. Risultati: Un totale di 237 pazienti sono stati inclusi nello studio, di cui il 78% di sesso maschile, l’età media risultava di 67 (58-79) anni; di questi 88 (37%) sono andati incontro ad exitus durante il ricovero ospedaliero. La causa più frequente è risultata la genesi ischemica. I pazienti con outcome sfavorevole presentavano età più avanzata (72, 63-79 anni), ACC da ritmo non defibrillabile (78,9%, n. 187) e maggiore quantità di adrenalina somministrate durante rianimazione (3,0 mg, 1,0-5,0 mg) rispetto ai pazienti che non andavano incontro a exitus. La maggioranza degli arresti cardiaci si è verificata in contesto extraospedaliero (84,8%, n. 201) più frequentemente nei pazienti con outcome sfavorevole (32%, n. 76). I pazienti con outcome sfavorevole presentavano maggiori valori di lattati all’ingresso (7,6 mmol/L, 6-11 mmol/L). Il riscontro di DM seppur presente in una minoranza della popolazione (27%, n. 64) ha dimostrato di avere un impatto prognostico significativo sulla morte intraospedaliera (p-value < 0,001). All’analisi multivariata è stato sviluppato un modello atto alla definizione prognostica basato su età, lattati e pH all’ingresso, quantità di adrenalina, ritmo defibrillabile e ACC testimoniato con buona accuratezza diagnostica (AUC 0.84). Discussione: Nella coorte analizzata, il 37% è andato incontro ad exitus. Diverse variabili clinico-strumentali sono risultate correlate ad outcome sfavorevole. Sulla base di questi dati, è stato sviluppato un modello predittivo per la stratificazione prognostica a breve termine costituito da: età del paziente, ACC testimoniato, primo ritmo defibrillabile, quantità di adrenalina somministrata durante RCP, valore di lattati e di pH all’ingresso e il valore di FE%. Conclusioni: Il modello predittivo di outcome sfavorevole sviluppato, costituito da variabili oggettive e direttamente misurabili, potrebbe costituire uno strumento utile per l’ideazione di score prognostici, applicabili nell’algoritmo gestionale dei pazienti post-ROSC, così complessi, previa opportuna validazione in ulteriori studi anche prospettici.
La valutazione multiparametrica per la stratificazione prognostica dell'arresto cardiaco: esperienza di un singolo centro
RONSISVALLE, ALICE
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: Cardiac arrest remains one of the leading causes of death in Europe. The underlying etiology and affected population are highly heterogeneous. Once spontaneous circulation is restored (ROSC), the management of post-cardiac arrest syndrome becomes crucial, aiming to prevent associated complications, limit neurological disability, and, ultimately, reduce mortality. Therefore, identifying potential prognostic predictors, combined in a multiparametric assessment, is essential to guide monitoring and therapeutic decisions during intensive care unit (ICU) admission, identifying patients at higher risk of death. However, validated predictive models are lacking that have real clinical applicability to describe the actual impact of the considered variables. Study purpose: The aim of this study is the clinical and instrumental characterization of patients affected by OHCA following ROSC, as well as the identification of potential determinants of poor prognosis during hospitalization. Additionally, the goal was to create an easily applicable prognostic stratification score that could be validated and implemented in daily clinical practice. Material and methods: This is a retrospective observational study of patients with OHCA following ROSC, admitted to the Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (CICU) of the University Hospital of Padua (AOUP) between January 2018 and December 2024. The primary outcome of interest was in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 237 patients were included in the study, of which 78% were male, with a mean age of 67 (58-79) years. Of these, 88 (37%) experienced in-hospital death. The most common cause was ischemic origin, particularly STEMI (29.5%, n = 70). Patients with an unfavorable outcome were older (72, 63-79 years), had an arrest due to non-defibrillable rhythm (78.9%, n = 187), and received higher amounts of adrenaline during resuscitation (3.0 mg, 1.0-5.0 mg) compared to patients who did not die in-hospital. The majority of cardiac arrests occurred in the out-of-hospital setting (84.8%, n = 201), more frequently in patients with an unfavorable outcome (32%, n = 76). Patients with an unfavorable outcome had higher lactate levels upon admission (7.6 mmol/L, 6-11 mmol/L). Although diabetes mellitus was present in a minority of the population (27%, n = 64), it had a significant prognostic impact on in-hospital mortality (p-value < 0,001). Multivariate analysis led to the development of a prognostic model based on age, lactate and pH at admission, presence of diabetes, amount of adrenaline, defibrillable rhythm, and witnessed arrest, with good diagnostic accuracy (AUC 0.84). Discussion: In the analyzed cohort, 37% experienced exitus. Several clinical and instrumental variables were found to be correlated with an unfavorable outcome. Based on these data, a predictive model for short-term prognostic stratification was developed, consisting of: patient age, witnessed cardiac arrest, first shockable rhythm, amount of adrenaline administered during CPR, lactate and pH values at admission, and EF% value. Conclusions: The predictive model for unfavorable outcome developed, consisting of objective and directly measurable variables, could serve as a useful tool for the creation of prognostic scores, applicable in the management algorithm of post-ROSC patients, which are often complex, pending appropriate validation in further prospective studies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/81326