BACKGROUND Lung involvement in patients with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency accounts for approximately 3% of all lung transplantations (LTx), making it a relatively rare indication. Limited data are available on post-LTx outcomes in these patients, as well as on the potential benefits of post-transplant alpha-1 antytripsin (AAT) replacement therapy, which may offer anti-protease, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory effects. AIM We aim to retrospectively analyze characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of 24 patients with AATD who underwent LTx between 1996 and 2023 at two large- and medium- sized centres in Italy (group 1), comparing them to cohort of 34 patients (2008-24) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) without AATD (group 2). RESULTS In group 1, the patients had a median age of 53 years, with the youngest patient being 39 years old and the oldest being 66 years old. This was slightly higher in group 2, with an average age of 57 years (min 33 years, max 66 years). In both groups, the majority of patients were male (75% in group 1 and 74% in group 2). In group 1, 70% of the patients had a history of smoking, with an average pack/year of 30.6. In group 2, 100% were ex-smokers, with an average of 40.9 pack/year. Regarding the AAT genotype in group 1, 21 patients were PiZZ, 1 was PiZ-Malton, 1 was PiZ-Wurzburg, and 1 was other. In 60% of cases, patients received alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) replacement therapy prior to transplantation, none received it after transplantation. 20% of patients with AATD had extrapulmonary involvement of the disease (4 with liver involvement, 1 with pericarditis and 1 pancreatitis). In 70% of cases in group 1, patients had other comorbidities, on average 2, while 100% of group 2 had comorbidities, on average 3. The Lung Allocation Score (LAS) was similar in both groups, 33.5 in group 1 and 35.8 in group 2. The immunosuppressive regimen was similar in both groups with triple maintenance therapy in most patients; in some cases, patients were treated with induction therapy using Basiliximab (3 in group 1 and 6 in group 2). In 3 out of 21 patients studied (14.3%) in group 1, and 4 out of 23 patients studied (17.4%) in group 2, primary graft dysfuncion (PGD) was documented. The early complications (< 5 days) occurred in 14 patients (58%) of cases in the first group (6 cardiovascular cases, 1 KPC pneumonia, 1 sepsis, 1 MSSA infection, 5 others) in group 1 and in 22 patients 64% (2 sepsis, 2 aspergillus infections, 2 enterobacter infections, 8 cardiovascular, 8 others) in group 2. At 3 months after transplantation infection/colonization were detected in 50% of patients in group 1 and in 90% of patients in group 2. Acute rejection episodes occurred in 3 cases in group 1, all ACR, and in 14 cases (13 ACR, 1 AMR) in group 2. In group 1, 4 patients developed Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD) 16%: 3 obtructive-CLAD (o-CLAD), 1 restrictive-CLAD (r-CLAD), on average 60.5 months after the transplant. In group 2, 13 patients developed CLAD (all o-CLAD), 84.8 months after the transplant. Regarding patient longevity, in group 1, 18 patients (75%) died, with a median survival of 2.04 years. In group 2, 7 patients (20%) died, with median survival of 5.04 years. DISCUSSION In this multicentric experience, lung transplant recipients with AATD experienced a high rate of severe complications, both early and late, including infections, malignancies, and extrapulmonary AATD involvement. These complications significantly impacted long term survival. Although these findings are based on a relatively small cohort, they highlight the need for a more tailored approach to managing this rare condition. Confirmation of these results in a larger patient cohort is necessary to further improve treatment strategies.
INTRODUZIONE Nei pazienti con deficit di a1-ATD il coinvolgimento polmonare della malattia rappresenta circa il 3% dei pazienti trapiantati di polmone (LTx), costituendo pertanto una indicazione al trapianto relativamente rara. Pochi dati sono disponibili in letteratura su questa popolazione di pazienti, in particolare non è noto il potenziale ruolo dell’impiego di terapia sostitutiva con alfa1-antitripsina (A1AT) con effetti anti-proteasi, anti-infiammatori e immunoregolatori, dopo il trapianto. SCOPO Analisi retrospettiva delle caratteristiche e della sopravvivenza di un gruppo di 24 pazienti con A1ATD (gruppo 1) che andavano incontro a trapianto del polmone tra il 1996 e il 2023 in due Centri Italiani rispetto a un gruppo di 34 pazienti (gruppo 2) affetti da BPCO enfisematosa in assenza di A1ATD trapiantati tra 2008 e il 2023. RISULTATI Nel gruppo 1 i pazienti avevano un'età mediana di 53 anni, leggermente più alta nel gruppo 2 con una mediana di 57 anni. In entrambi i gruppi la maggior parte dei pazienti erano maschi (75% nel gruppo 1 e 74% nel gruppo 2). Nel gruppo 1 il 70% dei pazienti aveva storia di tabagismo con una media pack/year di 30.6 nel gruppo 2 il 100% era ex fumatore con una media di pack/year di 40.9. Per quanto riguarda il genotipo AAT, 21 pazienti erano PiZZ, 1 1PiZ-Malton, 1PiZ-Wurzburg, 1other. Nel 60% dei casi i pazienti avevano ricevuto terapia sostitutiva con a1AT nel periodo pre trapianto, nessuno dopo il trapianto. Il 20% dei pazienti con a1ATD erano affetti da coinvolgimento extrapolmonare della malattia (4 con coinvolgimento epatico; 1 con pericardite). Nel 70% dei casi del gruppo 1 i pazienti erano affetti da altre comorbidità, mediamente 2, il 100% del gruppo 2 aveva comorbidità, mediamente 3. Il parametro LAS (Lung Allocation System) era simile nei due gruppi 33.5 nel primo verso 35.8 nel secondo. Il regime di immunosoppressione era simile nei due gruppi con triplice terapia di mantenimento, in alcuni casi i pazienti venivano trattati con terapia di induzione con Basiliximab (3 nel gruppo 1 e 6 nel gruppo 2). In 3 casi su 21 studiati si documentava PDG di grado almeno 2-3 (14.3%) nel gruppo 1, e 4 casi su 23 studiati (17.4%) nel gruppo 2. Le complicanze precoci (< di 5 giorni) si verificavano nel 14.5% dei casi (in 6 casi cardiovascolari, 1 KPC pneumonia; 1 sepsis ; 1MSSA infection ; 5others) nel gruppo 1 e in 22 pazienti, 64% (2sepsis ; 2 aspergillus infection, 2 enterobacter infection, 8 cardiovascular; 8 others ) nel gruppo 2. Le infezioni si presentavano nel 50% dei pazienti nel gruppo 1 e nel 90% dei pazienti del gruppo 2 dopo 3 mesi dal trapianto. Episodi di rigetto acuto avvenivano in 3 casi nel gruppo 1 tutti ACR (Acute Cellular Rejection), e in 14 casi, 13ACR 1AMR (Antibody Mediated Rejectio) nel gruppo 2. Quattro pazienti sviluppavano CLAD (16%, obstructive-CLAD 3; restrictive-CLAD 1), in media 60.5 mesi dopo il trapianto nel gruppo 1, 13 pazienti la sviluppavano nel gruppo 2 (tutti obstructive-CLAD ); 84.8mesi dopo il trapianto. Per quanto riguarda la longevità dei pazienti nel gruppo 1, 18 pazienti sono deceduti (75%), con una sopravvivenza mediana di 2.03 anni, nel gruppo 2 sono deceduti 7 pazienti (20%), la sopravvivenza mediana è 5.04 anni. CONCLUSIONI I pazienti con a1ATD arruolati in questo studio Multicentrico dopo il trapianto andavano incontro ad un alto tasso di complicanze severe, sia precocemente che più tardivamente, come infezioni neoplasie, e coinvolgimento extra polmonare della malattia da a1ATD. Queste complicanze avevano un impatto significativo sulla sopravvivenza a lungo termine di questi pazienti. Sebbene questo studio sia stato svolto su un numero relativamente piccolo di pazienti, esso mette in luce la necessità di un approccio più mirato per trattare questa rara condizione. Sarà importante confermare questi risultati su una popolazione di pazienti più estesa.
Analisi retrospettiva della sopravvivenza di pazienti trapiantati di polmone con deficit di alfa1-antitripsina (a1ATD), risultati preliminari da due centri trapianto Italiani.
BESENZON, FEDERICA
2022/2023
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung involvement in patients with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency accounts for approximately 3% of all lung transplantations (LTx), making it a relatively rare indication. Limited data are available on post-LTx outcomes in these patients, as well as on the potential benefits of post-transplant alpha-1 antytripsin (AAT) replacement therapy, which may offer anti-protease, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory effects. AIM We aim to retrospectively analyze characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of 24 patients with AATD who underwent LTx between 1996 and 2023 at two large- and medium- sized centres in Italy (group 1), comparing them to cohort of 34 patients (2008-24) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) without AATD (group 2). RESULTS In group 1, the patients had a median age of 53 years, with the youngest patient being 39 years old and the oldest being 66 years old. This was slightly higher in group 2, with an average age of 57 years (min 33 years, max 66 years). In both groups, the majority of patients were male (75% in group 1 and 74% in group 2). In group 1, 70% of the patients had a history of smoking, with an average pack/year of 30.6. In group 2, 100% were ex-smokers, with an average of 40.9 pack/year. Regarding the AAT genotype in group 1, 21 patients were PiZZ, 1 was PiZ-Malton, 1 was PiZ-Wurzburg, and 1 was other. In 60% of cases, patients received alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) replacement therapy prior to transplantation, none received it after transplantation. 20% of patients with AATD had extrapulmonary involvement of the disease (4 with liver involvement, 1 with pericarditis and 1 pancreatitis). In 70% of cases in group 1, patients had other comorbidities, on average 2, while 100% of group 2 had comorbidities, on average 3. The Lung Allocation Score (LAS) was similar in both groups, 33.5 in group 1 and 35.8 in group 2. The immunosuppressive regimen was similar in both groups with triple maintenance therapy in most patients; in some cases, patients were treated with induction therapy using Basiliximab (3 in group 1 and 6 in group 2). In 3 out of 21 patients studied (14.3%) in group 1, and 4 out of 23 patients studied (17.4%) in group 2, primary graft dysfuncion (PGD) was documented. The early complications (< 5 days) occurred in 14 patients (58%) of cases in the first group (6 cardiovascular cases, 1 KPC pneumonia, 1 sepsis, 1 MSSA infection, 5 others) in group 1 and in 22 patients 64% (2 sepsis, 2 aspergillus infections, 2 enterobacter infections, 8 cardiovascular, 8 others) in group 2. At 3 months after transplantation infection/colonization were detected in 50% of patients in group 1 and in 90% of patients in group 2. Acute rejection episodes occurred in 3 cases in group 1, all ACR, and in 14 cases (13 ACR, 1 AMR) in group 2. In group 1, 4 patients developed Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD) 16%: 3 obtructive-CLAD (o-CLAD), 1 restrictive-CLAD (r-CLAD), on average 60.5 months after the transplant. In group 2, 13 patients developed CLAD (all o-CLAD), 84.8 months after the transplant. Regarding patient longevity, in group 1, 18 patients (75%) died, with a median survival of 2.04 years. In group 2, 7 patients (20%) died, with median survival of 5.04 years. DISCUSSION In this multicentric experience, lung transplant recipients with AATD experienced a high rate of severe complications, both early and late, including infections, malignancies, and extrapulmonary AATD involvement. These complications significantly impacted long term survival. Although these findings are based on a relatively small cohort, they highlight the need for a more tailored approach to managing this rare condition. Confirmation of these results in a larger patient cohort is necessary to further improve treatment strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/81339