Background: Pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBI) represent a clinically significant issue, with a global incidence of 47-280 cases per 100,000 children/year. They are the leading cause of mortality in pediatric traumas, to the extent that they are defined as a "silent epidemic". TBIs are classified as mild (85%), moderate (10%), or severe (5%) based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Although acute symptomatology is well-known, long-term damages are more insidious, and particularly, socio-psycho-emotional disorders secondary to pediatric TBIs are among the least known, investigated, and treated complications in these patients. Aim of the Study: The main purpose of the study is to characterize neuropsychological and socio-emotional deficits in subjects who suffered moderate or severe TBI in pediatric age, seeking possible correlations between cognitive, executive, social fragilities and potential associated psychopathological traits. Materials and Methods: The research was organized according to a monocentric prospective observational study for the pediatric population, while for the adult population data were acquired retrospectively. The study aims to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of socio-emotional outcomes of moderate or severe TBIs occurring in pediatric age, through the administration of psychological questionnaires to patients during a clinical re-evaluation. The test protocol was necessarily differentiated between childhood (WISC-IV, NEPSY-II ToM and Emotion Recognition, Conners3 parents, teachers and self-assessment, BRIEF-2, CBI, Ped's-QL parents and child, Vineland-II, K-SADS-PL DSM-5) and adulthood (WAIS, BRIEF-A, STAI-Y, BDI-II, RMET, SCID-5 screening, CBI). Results: The results showed differential patterns between populations with preserved cognitive functioning in minors and more compromised in adults. We also found persistent emotion recognition deficits with preserved Theory of Mind abilities. High prevalence of psychopathological disorders (especially depressive disorders - 37.5% and ADHD - 37.5%) emerged even if our patients reported good quality of life. Conclusions: The conducted study highlights a complex picture in the outcomes of moderate/severe pediatric TBIs, characterized by specific persistent socio-emotional vulnerabilities and high prevalence of psychopathological disorders. These results underscore the need for a long-term multidisciplinary approach, with continuous monitoring and targeted rehabilitative interventions. Furthermore, the urgency of developing specific guidelines for the post-acute management of pediatric brain injury in Italy is highlighted, in order to optimize the therapeutic pathway and improve long-term outcomes for these patients.
Background: I traumi cranici (TBI) in età pediatrica rappresentano una problematica di rilevanza clinica rilevante, con un'incidenza globale di 47-280 casi per 100.000 bambini all'anno. Classificati in base alla Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) come lievi (85%), moderati (10%) o severi (5%), i TBI sono la principale causa di mortalità nei traumi pediatrici, tanto da essere definiti un'"epidemia silente". Sebbene la sintomatologia acuta sia ben conosciuta, i danni a lungo termine risultano invece più insidiosi e, in particolar modo, i disturbi socio-psico-emotivi secondari a traumi cranici occorsi in età infantile sono una delle complicanze meno conosciute, indagate e trattate in questi pazienti. Scopo dello studio: scopo principale dello studio è caratterizzare i deficit neuropsicologici e socio-emotivi in soggetti che hanno subito un TBI di media o grave entità in età pediatrica, ricercando possibili correlazioni tra fragilità cognitive, esecutive, sociali e possibili tratti psicopatologici associati. Materiali e metodi: lo studio è stato organizzato secondo un disegno osservazionale prospettico monocentrico per la popolazione pediatrica, nel caso invece della popolazione adulta i dati sono stati acquisiti retrospettivamente. Lo studio vuole valutare la prevalenza e le caratteristiche degli esiti socio-emotivi di TBI moderati o gravi occorsi in età pediatrica, mediante la somministrazione di questionari psicologici ai pazienti nel corso di una rivalutazione clinica. Il protocollo testale è stato necessariamente differenziato tra età infantile (WISC-IV, NEPSY-II ToM e Riconoscimento emozioni, Conners3 genitori, insegnanti e autovalutazione, BRIEF-2, CBI, Ped’s-QL genitori e bambino, Vineland-II, K-SADS-PL DSM-5) ed età adulta (WAIS, BRIEF-A, STAI-Y, BDI-II, RMET, SCID-5 screening, CBI). Risultati: I risultati hanno evidenziato pattern differenziali tra le popolazioni con funzionamento cognitivo preservato nei minori e maggiormente compromesso negli adulti, deficit di riconoscimento delle emozioni persistente con abilità di Teoria della Mente preservate, elevata prevalenza di disturbi psicopatologici (soprattutto disturbi depressivi - 37.5% e ADHD - 37.5%) e buona qualità di vita percepita, nonostante le problematiche riscontrate. Conclusioni: lo studio condotto evidenzia un quadro complesso negli esiti di TBI pediatrici moderati/severi, caratterizzato da specifiche vulnerabilità socio-emotive persistenti e alta prevalenza di disturbi psicopatologici. Questi risultati sottolineano la necessità di un approccio multidisciplinare a lungo termine, con monitoraggio continuativo e interventi riabilitativi mirati. Si evidenzia inoltre l'urgenza di sviluppare linee guida specifiche per la gestione post-acuta del trauma cranico pediatrico in Italia, al fine di ottimizzare il percorso terapeutico e migliorare gli esiti a lungo termine di questi pazienti.
Sequele socio-emotive a medio e lungo termine nei Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) pediatrici: uno studio pilota
ENTILLI, LISA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: Pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBI) represent a clinically significant issue, with a global incidence of 47-280 cases per 100,000 children/year. They are the leading cause of mortality in pediatric traumas, to the extent that they are defined as a "silent epidemic". TBIs are classified as mild (85%), moderate (10%), or severe (5%) based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Although acute symptomatology is well-known, long-term damages are more insidious, and particularly, socio-psycho-emotional disorders secondary to pediatric TBIs are among the least known, investigated, and treated complications in these patients. Aim of the Study: The main purpose of the study is to characterize neuropsychological and socio-emotional deficits in subjects who suffered moderate or severe TBI in pediatric age, seeking possible correlations between cognitive, executive, social fragilities and potential associated psychopathological traits. Materials and Methods: The research was organized according to a monocentric prospective observational study for the pediatric population, while for the adult population data were acquired retrospectively. The study aims to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of socio-emotional outcomes of moderate or severe TBIs occurring in pediatric age, through the administration of psychological questionnaires to patients during a clinical re-evaluation. The test protocol was necessarily differentiated between childhood (WISC-IV, NEPSY-II ToM and Emotion Recognition, Conners3 parents, teachers and self-assessment, BRIEF-2, CBI, Ped's-QL parents and child, Vineland-II, K-SADS-PL DSM-5) and adulthood (WAIS, BRIEF-A, STAI-Y, BDI-II, RMET, SCID-5 screening, CBI). Results: The results showed differential patterns between populations with preserved cognitive functioning in minors and more compromised in adults. We also found persistent emotion recognition deficits with preserved Theory of Mind abilities. High prevalence of psychopathological disorders (especially depressive disorders - 37.5% and ADHD - 37.5%) emerged even if our patients reported good quality of life. Conclusions: The conducted study highlights a complex picture in the outcomes of moderate/severe pediatric TBIs, characterized by specific persistent socio-emotional vulnerabilities and high prevalence of psychopathological disorders. These results underscore the need for a long-term multidisciplinary approach, with continuous monitoring and targeted rehabilitative interventions. Furthermore, the urgency of developing specific guidelines for the post-acute management of pediatric brain injury in Italy is highlighted, in order to optimize the therapeutic pathway and improve long-term outcomes for these patients.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/81547