Background & study aims. The diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) in the bone marrow (BM) can be challenging due to aberrant phenotypes and overlapping histological features with marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). Flow cytometry studies have suggested high rates of CD23 positivity in LPL, yet little is known on the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of this marker and on its possible role in the differential diagnosis with MZL. To address these issues, we (i) analyzed LPL immunophenotype on a large series of BM samples, (ii) explored possible correlations between LPL phenotype and clinical/molecular data and (iii) assessed the role of new phenotypic markers in the differential diagnosis between LPL and MZL, with focus on CD23 expression. Materials & methods. This retrospective study included 81 clinically-annotated LPL, diagnosed at Padua University Hospital (Padua – Italy) over a 5-year period. BM findings were correlated with clinical-laboratory findings and with MYD88 and CXCR4 mutational status. The obtained results were compared with a series of 77 MZL in the BM, including 46 splenic MZL (SMZL), 14 nodal MZL (NMZL) and 17 extra-nodal MZL (EMZL). Results. The LPL cohort consisted of 52 males and 29 females, with a median age at diagnosis of 71 years. Aberrant CD10 and CD5 positivity were observed in 3/81 (3.7%) and 13/81 (16.1%) cases, respectively. CD23 positivity occurred in 56/81 (69.1%) cases, being usually partial/focal. CD23 expression did not correlate with any specific clinical-pathological parameter. Comparison with SMZL, NMZL and EMZL revealed less frequent splenomegaly, higher serum paraprotein, higher CD23 expression and less frequent follicular dendritic cell networks in LPL. A combined clinic-pathological score supported the differential diagnosis between LPL and MZL of any type, with the highest diagnostic yield achieved in differentiating LPL from SMZL. Conclusions. LPL is a clinically and histologically heterogeneous disease, characterized by frequent expression of CD23. Partial/focal expression of CD23 is commonly observed in BM samples of LPL. Together with other clinical and histological parameters, the expression of this marker supports the differential diagnosis between LPL and MZL.
Presupposti e scopo dello studio. La diagnosi di linfoma linfoplasmocitico (LPL) nel midollo osseo è complicata da immunofenotipi aberranti e da caratteristiche istologiche sovrapponibili a quelle del linfoma della zona marginale (MZL). Studi di citofluorimetria hanno suggerito elevati tassi di positività per CD23 nel LPL, ma poco si sa sull’espressione immunoistochimica (IHC) di questa proteina e sulla sua eventuale utilità nella diagnosi differenziale con il MZL. Scopi del presente studio sono pertanto (i) valutare le caratteristiche immunofenotipiche di una ampia serie di LPL in campioni midollari, (ii) identificare possibili correlazioni tra immunofenotipo e caratteristiche cliniche e molecolari, (iii) investigare il ruolo di nuovi marcatori immunofenotipici nella diagnosi differenziale tra LPL e MZL, con focus sull’espressione di CD23. Materiali e metodi. Questo studio ha considerato una serie retrospettiva di 81 casi di LPL, diagnosticati presso l’U.O.C. di Anatomia Patologica dell’Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova tra il 2017 e il 2023. I reperti istologici sono stati correlati con dati clinico-laboratoristici e con lo stato mutazionale di MYD88 e CXCR4. Il confronto tra LPL e MZL è stato condotto considerando un’ulteriore serie di 77 casi di MZL con coinvolgimento midollare alla diagnosi, comprendenti 46 MZL splenici (SMZL), 14 MZL nodali (NMZL) e 17 MZL extra-nodali (EMZL). Risultati. Il gruppo di LPL includeva 52 maschi e 29 femmine con età mediana alla diagnosi di 71 anni. La caratterizzazione immunofenotipica ha documentato positività aberrante per CD10 e CD5 in rispettivamente 3/81 (3,7%) e 13/81 (16,1%) casi. L’espressione di CD23 è stata riscontrata in 56/81 (69,1%) casi, di solito in forma parziale/focale, e non è risultata correlata a nessun parametro clinico-patologico specifico. Il confronto con la coorte di SMZL, NMZL ed EMZL ha evidenziato minore frequenza di splenomegalia, più alti livelli di componente monoclonale sierica e di espressione di CD23 e reti di cellule dendritiche follicolari meno frequenti nel LPL. Uno score clinico-patologico integrato che considerasse tali parametri ha supportato la diagnosi differenziale tra LPL e MZL di qualsiasi tipo, risultando più efficiente nella diagnosi differenziale tra LPL e SMZL. Conclusioni. Il LPL è una malattia clinicamente e istologicamente eterogenea, caratterizzata da frequente espressione di CD23. L’espressione parziale/focale per CD23 è una caratteristica frequente nei campioni midollari di LPL. Insieme ad altri parametri clinici e istologici, l'espressione di tale marcatore supporta la diagnosi differenziale tra LPL e MZL.
Differential Diagnosis Between Lymphoplasmacytic Lymphoma and Marginal Zone Lymphoma in the Bone Marrow: The Role of Clinical, Morphological, and Immunophenotypic Features with Focus on CD23 Expression
SCARMOZZINO, FEDERICO
2022/2023
Abstract
Background & study aims. The diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) in the bone marrow (BM) can be challenging due to aberrant phenotypes and overlapping histological features with marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). Flow cytometry studies have suggested high rates of CD23 positivity in LPL, yet little is known on the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of this marker and on its possible role in the differential diagnosis with MZL. To address these issues, we (i) analyzed LPL immunophenotype on a large series of BM samples, (ii) explored possible correlations between LPL phenotype and clinical/molecular data and (iii) assessed the role of new phenotypic markers in the differential diagnosis between LPL and MZL, with focus on CD23 expression. Materials & methods. This retrospective study included 81 clinically-annotated LPL, diagnosed at Padua University Hospital (Padua – Italy) over a 5-year period. BM findings were correlated with clinical-laboratory findings and with MYD88 and CXCR4 mutational status. The obtained results were compared with a series of 77 MZL in the BM, including 46 splenic MZL (SMZL), 14 nodal MZL (NMZL) and 17 extra-nodal MZL (EMZL). Results. The LPL cohort consisted of 52 males and 29 females, with a median age at diagnosis of 71 years. Aberrant CD10 and CD5 positivity were observed in 3/81 (3.7%) and 13/81 (16.1%) cases, respectively. CD23 positivity occurred in 56/81 (69.1%) cases, being usually partial/focal. CD23 expression did not correlate with any specific clinical-pathological parameter. Comparison with SMZL, NMZL and EMZL revealed less frequent splenomegaly, higher serum paraprotein, higher CD23 expression and less frequent follicular dendritic cell networks in LPL. A combined clinic-pathological score supported the differential diagnosis between LPL and MZL of any type, with the highest diagnostic yield achieved in differentiating LPL from SMZL. Conclusions. LPL is a clinically and histologically heterogeneous disease, characterized by frequent expression of CD23. Partial/focal expression of CD23 is commonly observed in BM samples of LPL. Together with other clinical and histological parameters, the expression of this marker supports the differential diagnosis between LPL and MZL.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/81557