BACKGROUNDS: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an acquired disease affecting the macula and is one of the leading causes of vision loss worldwide. The exudative form (wet AMD) represents an advanced stage of the disease, characterized by the presence of a neovascular membrane (MNV) associated with intra- or subretinal fluid, exudation, haemorrhage or retinal pigment epithelium detachment. In randomized clinical trials on evaluating intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy, various quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters have been employed as secondary endpoints to evaluate treatment efficacy, including central subfield thickness (CST) and macular retinal volume (MV). Biomarkers are measurable indicators of a pathological process or of a treatment response. In this context, the identification of OCT-based markers plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management of AMD. AIMS: The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between quantitative OCT parameters, such as CST and MV changes, and disease activity in patients with wet AMD treated with anti-VEGF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study included naive patients diagnosed with wet AMD who were treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. OCT was used to measure CST and MV at baseline (T0) and at subsequent follow-up evaluations. In order to analyse the relationship between these OCT parameters and disease activity, Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression models were employed. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients (106 eyes) were included in this study. The mean follow-up was of 526 ± 96.5 days. CST and MV changes were significantly related to disease activity at some intervals: between T1 and T3 (p=0.0462) and between T2 and T3 (p=0.0462), for CST; between T1 and T4 (p=0.0109), between T2 and T3 (p=0.0439) and between T3 and T4 (p=0.0125) for MV. Sensitivity and specificity were moderate for both CST and MV. The overall CST and MV changes were statistically significant when considering all time intervals (p=0.0022 and p=0.0339, respectively). When separately evaluating active and inactive disease groups, only CST change was still significantly related to disease activity (p=0.0021). The regression model showed that an increase in CST and MV were significantly related with an active disease status (p<0.001 and OR=2.01 for CST and p=0.0081 and OR=1.675 for MV). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative OCT parameters do not provide sufficient diagnostic reliability to evaluate disease activity and therefore guide retreatment planning in wet AMD. A multimodal approach that combines quantitative and qualitative analysis of individual OCT scans, appears essential for optimizing the management of this condition. The application of artificial intelligence-based methods may lead to innovative approaches that support specialists in choosing the best therapeutic strategy.
INTRODUZIONE: La degenerazione maculare legata all’età (AMD) è una patologia acquisita che colpisce la macula ed una delle principali cause di calo visivo del mondo globalizzato. La forma essudativa (wet AMD) è uno degli stadi avanzati in cui vi è la presenza di una membrana neovascolare (MNV) associata a fluido intra- o sotto-retinico, edema, emorragie o distacco di epitelio pigmentato retinico. Negli studi clinici randomizzati riguardanti il trattamento intravitreale con farmaci anti-VEGF sono stati utilizzati differenti parametri OCT quantitativi come end-point secondari per valutare l’efficacia di tali trattamenti, tra cui lo spessore del campo centrale retinico (CST) ed il volume retinico maculare (MV). I biomarker sono indicatori misurabili di un processo patologico o della risposta ad un trattamento. A tal proposito la determinazione di marcatori OCT riveste un ruolo cruciale per la diagnosi, la prognosi e la gestione terapeutica dell’AMD. SCOPO DELLO STUDIO: Lo scopo dello studio è analizzare la correlazione tra alcuni parametri OCT quantitativi, quali variazioni di CST e MV, ed attività di malattia in pazienti affetti da wet AMD trattati con anti-VEGF. MATERIALI E METODI: Questo studio osservazionale retrospettivo ha incluso pazienti naive con diagnosi di wet AMD e in trattamento con iniezioni intravitreali di farmaci anti-VEGF. Mediante esame OCT sono stati misurati CST e MV al baseline (T0) ed a successive valutazioni di follow-up. Per analizzare la relazione tra questi parametri OCT e l’attività di malattia sono stati utilizzati il test di Fischer esatto e modelli di regressione logistica. RISULTATI: Sono stati inclusi nello studio 95 pazienti (106 occhi) con follow-up medio di 526 ± 96,5 giorni da T0. Le variazioni di CST e MV sono significativamente correlate all’attività di malattia in alcuni intervalli temporali: tra T1 e T3 (p=0.0462) e tra T2 eT3 (p=0.0462), per il CST; tra T1 e T4 (p=0.0109), tra T2 e T3 (p=0.0439) e tra T3 e T4 (p=0.0125), per il MV. Sia per il CST sia per il MV sensibilità e specificità si sono mostrate modeste. Le variazioni complessive di CST e MV sono risultate statisticamente significative considerando l’insieme degli intervalli temporali (p = 0.0022 e p=0,0339, rispettivamente). Valutando la differenza tra gruppi con malattia attiva e non attiva solo la variazione del CST è risultata significativa (p = 0.0021). Il modello di regressione ha mostrato che l’incremento di CST e MV sono associati in modo significativo alla presenza di attività di malattia (p<0,001 e OR=2,01 per il CST e p=0.0081 e OR=1.675 per il MV). CONCLUSIONI: I parametri OCT quantitativi non forniscono un’affidabilità diagnostica tale da valutare l’attività di malattia e pertanto guidare il ritrattamento nella wet AMD. Un approccio multimodale, che unisca analisi quantitativa e qualitativa delle singole scansioni OCT, appare essenziale per ottimizzare la gestione di questa patologia. L’applicazione di metodiche basate sull’intelligenza artificiale potrebbe portare a nuovi approcci supportando lo specialista nella miglior scelta terapeutica.
Parametri quantitativi OCT ed attività di malattia nella wet AMD
COPPOLA, MARCO
2022/2023
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an acquired disease affecting the macula and is one of the leading causes of vision loss worldwide. The exudative form (wet AMD) represents an advanced stage of the disease, characterized by the presence of a neovascular membrane (MNV) associated with intra- or subretinal fluid, exudation, haemorrhage or retinal pigment epithelium detachment. In randomized clinical trials on evaluating intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy, various quantitative optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters have been employed as secondary endpoints to evaluate treatment efficacy, including central subfield thickness (CST) and macular retinal volume (MV). Biomarkers are measurable indicators of a pathological process or of a treatment response. In this context, the identification of OCT-based markers plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management of AMD. AIMS: The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between quantitative OCT parameters, such as CST and MV changes, and disease activity in patients with wet AMD treated with anti-VEGF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study included naive patients diagnosed with wet AMD who were treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. OCT was used to measure CST and MV at baseline (T0) and at subsequent follow-up evaluations. In order to analyse the relationship between these OCT parameters and disease activity, Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression models were employed. RESULTS: Ninety-five patients (106 eyes) were included in this study. The mean follow-up was of 526 ± 96.5 days. CST and MV changes were significantly related to disease activity at some intervals: between T1 and T3 (p=0.0462) and between T2 and T3 (p=0.0462), for CST; between T1 and T4 (p=0.0109), between T2 and T3 (p=0.0439) and between T3 and T4 (p=0.0125) for MV. Sensitivity and specificity were moderate for both CST and MV. The overall CST and MV changes were statistically significant when considering all time intervals (p=0.0022 and p=0.0339, respectively). When separately evaluating active and inactive disease groups, only CST change was still significantly related to disease activity (p=0.0021). The regression model showed that an increase in CST and MV were significantly related with an active disease status (p<0.001 and OR=2.01 for CST and p=0.0081 and OR=1.675 for MV). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative OCT parameters do not provide sufficient diagnostic reliability to evaluate disease activity and therefore guide retreatment planning in wet AMD. A multimodal approach that combines quantitative and qualitative analysis of individual OCT scans, appears essential for optimizing the management of this condition. The application of artificial intelligence-based methods may lead to innovative approaches that support specialists in choosing the best therapeutic strategy.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/81561