Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the conjunctiva, cornea, and eyelids, considered the ocular manifestation of atopic dermatitis (AD). Various extrinsic factors, in addition to allergens, can contribute to the pathogenesis of ocular allergic diseases. Recently, a link has emerged between conjunctival epithelial cells, the conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT), and the local microbiome, suggesting that ocular surface dysbiosis may influence the allergic response. Literature shows that the higher prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis is not solely due to increased skin colonization, but that this bacterium may play a role in the onset and maintenance of ocular inflammation in AKC patients. Despite the growing interest in the human microbiome, little is known about the ocular microbiome; however, it is recognized that dysbiosis in this area may correlate with various disorders, including allergic diseases. We visited and monitored AKC and AD patients at our Ocular Allergology and Immunology clinic. Conjunctival swabs from the inferior fornix were taken from these patients for metagenomic studies using 16S rRNA analysis through Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing. Additionally, both standard culture and ONT sequencing were performed on a group of 6 patients with ocular infections, recruited at the Ocular Emergency Department. The cohort consisted of 13 AD patients, with or without ocular symptoms; we also selected 6 healthy controls and 6 patients with ocular infections. During the analysis of AD patients, some difficulties were encountered in obtaining sufficient DNA quantities per patient, requiring pooling of samples from multiple patients. Our study did not reveal significant differences in the microbiome between AD patients with and without ocular symptoms and healthy controls. From a bacterial genus perspective, few differences were observed across the three groups. In our study, only Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated in healthy controls, while in patients with AD without ocular symptoms, Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus aureus were found, and in patients with AKC, only Staphylococcus aureus was present. Even in a severe case of AKC, a significant prevalence of the genus Staphylococcus was observed (25.3%), with a predominance of Staphylococcus aureus (12.66%) compared to other species. In patients with less severe ocular infections (conjunctivitis and blepharitis), standard culture did not show microbial growth despite clinical signs of active infection. In contrast, DNA sequencing revealed significant bacterial taxa variability, including Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Paracoccus, Bacillus, and Dechloromonas. The results highlighted a substantial difference in the number of genera detected between phenotypically similar cases, with variation ranging from 5 genera in a suspected bacterial conjunctivitis case to 19 genera in another. The implementation of metagenomics in clinical practice holds significant potential: in the future, through bacterial DNA sequencing, all agents present in a sample could be detected, allowing timely identification of microorganisms responsible for ocular infections. Despite technical challenges, DNA sequencing could revolutionize the diagnosis of ocular infections, with significant potential benefits in terms of speed, accuracy, and comprehensiveness. Further studies are needed to overcome current difficulties and to explore the relationships between the ocular microbiome and allergic and infectious diseases, in order to more effectively personalize therapies.
La cheratocongiuntivite atopica (AKC) è una malattia infiammatoria cronica di congiuntiva, cornea e palpebra, considerata come la manifestazione oculare della dermatite atopica (AD). Multipli fattori estrinseci, oltre agli allergeni, possono contribuire alla patogenesi delle malattie allergiche oculari; recentemente, è emerso un legame tra le cellule epiteliali della congiuntiva, il tessuto linfoide associato alla congiuntiva (CALT) e il microbioma locale, suggerendo che una disbiosi della superficie oculare possa influenzare la risposta allergica. Dalla letteratura emerge come la maggiore prevalenza di Staphylococcus aureus nei pazienti con dermatite atopica non dipenda solo da un'aumentata colonizzazione cutanea, ma che questo batterio possa giocare un ruolo nell'incremento e nel mantenimento dell'infiammazione oculare nei pazienti con AKC. Nonostante il crescente interesse per il microbioma umano, si sa ancora poco sul microbioma oculare, ma è noto che una sua disbiosi può correlare a diversi disturbi, tra cui le malattie allergiche. Abbiamo visitato e monitorato presso il nostro ambulatorio di Allergologia e immunologia Oculare pazienti con AKC e AD. A questi pazienti è stato eseguito un tampone congiuntivale nel fornice inferiore per effettuare studi di metagenomica utilizzando l'analisi dell'rRNA 16S tramite sequenziamento Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). Inoltre abbiamo effettuato sia esame colturale standard che tramite sequenziamento ONT in un gruppo di 6 pazienti con infezioni oculari, reclutati presso il Pronto soccorso oculistico. La coorte è costituita da 13 pazienti affetti da AD, con o senza sintomatologia oculare; abbiamo poi selezionato 6 controlli sani e 6 pazienti con infezioni oculari. Nell’analizzare i pazienti affetti da AD si sono riscontrate alcune difficoltà nell’ottenere quantità sufficienti di DNA per singolo paziente, richiedendo l’unione di questi a formare un pool di più pazienti. Nel nostro studio non sono emerse differenze significative nel microbioma dei pazienti con AD con e senza sintomatologia oculare ed i controlli sani; dal punto di vista dei generi batterici sono presenti poche diversità tra i 3 gruppi. Nel nostro studio, nei controlli sani è stato isolato solo Staphylococcus epidermidis, mentre nei pazienti con AD senza sintomi oculari St. capitis ed aureus e nei pazienti con AKC solo St.aureus. In un quadro grave di AKC è stata osservata una prevalenza significativa del genere Staphylococcus (25,3%), con predominanza di Staphylococcus aureus (12,66%) rispetto ad altre specie. Nei pazienti con infezioni oculari meno gravi (congiuntiviti e blefarite) l’esame colturale standard non ha evidenziato crescita microbica nonostante i segni clinici di infezione attiva. In contrasto, il sequenziamento del DNA ha rivelato una variabilità di taxa batterici significativa, tra cui Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Paracoccus, Bacillus e Dechloromonas. I risultati evidenziano una notevole differenza nel numero di generi rilevati tra casi fenotipicamente simili, con una variazione che va da 5 generi in un caso di sospetta congiuntivite batterica a 19 generi in un altro. L'implementazione della metagenomica in ambito clinico presenta potenzialità significative: in futuro tramite sequenziamento del DNA batterico si potranno rilevare tutti gli agenti presenti in un campione, identificando tempestivamente i microrganismi responsabili di infezioni oculari. Nonostante le sfide tecniche, il sequenziamento del DNA potrebbe rivoluzionare la diagnosi delle infezioni oculari, con potenziali benefici significativi in termini di rapidità, accuratezza e completezza. Saranno necessari ulteriori studi per superare le difficoltà attuali e per esplorare le relazioni tra microbioma oculare e patologie allergiche e infettive, al fine di personalizzare le terapie in modo più efficace.
Cheratocongiuntivite atopica e microbioma oculare
GIOVANNINI, GIULIA
2022/2023
Abstract
Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the conjunctiva, cornea, and eyelids, considered the ocular manifestation of atopic dermatitis (AD). Various extrinsic factors, in addition to allergens, can contribute to the pathogenesis of ocular allergic diseases. Recently, a link has emerged between conjunctival epithelial cells, the conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT), and the local microbiome, suggesting that ocular surface dysbiosis may influence the allergic response. Literature shows that the higher prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis is not solely due to increased skin colonization, but that this bacterium may play a role in the onset and maintenance of ocular inflammation in AKC patients. Despite the growing interest in the human microbiome, little is known about the ocular microbiome; however, it is recognized that dysbiosis in this area may correlate with various disorders, including allergic diseases. We visited and monitored AKC and AD patients at our Ocular Allergology and Immunology clinic. Conjunctival swabs from the inferior fornix were taken from these patients for metagenomic studies using 16S rRNA analysis through Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing. Additionally, both standard culture and ONT sequencing were performed on a group of 6 patients with ocular infections, recruited at the Ocular Emergency Department. The cohort consisted of 13 AD patients, with or without ocular symptoms; we also selected 6 healthy controls and 6 patients with ocular infections. During the analysis of AD patients, some difficulties were encountered in obtaining sufficient DNA quantities per patient, requiring pooling of samples from multiple patients. Our study did not reveal significant differences in the microbiome between AD patients with and without ocular symptoms and healthy controls. From a bacterial genus perspective, few differences were observed across the three groups. In our study, only Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated in healthy controls, while in patients with AD without ocular symptoms, Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus aureus were found, and in patients with AKC, only Staphylococcus aureus was present. Even in a severe case of AKC, a significant prevalence of the genus Staphylococcus was observed (25.3%), with a predominance of Staphylococcus aureus (12.66%) compared to other species. In patients with less severe ocular infections (conjunctivitis and blepharitis), standard culture did not show microbial growth despite clinical signs of active infection. In contrast, DNA sequencing revealed significant bacterial taxa variability, including Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Paracoccus, Bacillus, and Dechloromonas. The results highlighted a substantial difference in the number of genera detected between phenotypically similar cases, with variation ranging from 5 genera in a suspected bacterial conjunctivitis case to 19 genera in another. The implementation of metagenomics in clinical practice holds significant potential: in the future, through bacterial DNA sequencing, all agents present in a sample could be detected, allowing timely identification of microorganisms responsible for ocular infections. Despite technical challenges, DNA sequencing could revolutionize the diagnosis of ocular infections, with significant potential benefits in terms of speed, accuracy, and comprehensiveness. Further studies are needed to overcome current difficulties and to explore the relationships between the ocular microbiome and allergic and infectious diseases, in order to more effectively personalize therapies.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/81562