Approximately 7-15% of patients with cutaneous melanoma (CM) have a positive family history of CM and/or related tumors. The gene most implicated in predisposition to CM is CDKN2A, pathogenic germline variants of which have been found in 33% of familial melanoma cases nationwide. The majority of cases considered to be at high risk based on personal/family history are therefore not genetically explainable. Massive genome sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of other genes with high/medium penetrance for melanoma, such as BAP1, POT1, MITF, but the majority of suspected hereditary cases are still genetically uninformative. In addition, as the number of predisposition syndromes for different cancers defined by their associated genes increases, previously unrecognised phenotypic overlap is becoming increasingly apparent. Indeed, it has been shown that certain genes with high penetrance for CM (familial/multiple) are also associated with other tumor types, just as predisposing genes for other hereditary cancer syndromes may confer an increased risk of CM (phenotypic overlap). In this scenario, the aims of this work were to assess the mutation rate of high/medium penetrance genes in the context of a melanoma-dominant or melanoma-subordinate tumor syndrome; to evaluate the potential impact of using an NGS panel extended to genes other than those for CM, in terms of increased diagnostic yield and challenges in interpreting possible new pathogenic variants; and to investigate the potential role in CM susceptibility of genes involved in other cancer syndromes, such as breast/ovarian, pancreatic and other skin cancer susceptibility genes (Gorlin syndrome). In this study, an NGS panel designed for 45 genes (genes with high/medium penetrance for CM, genes related to other inherited forms of cancer and emerging genes in CM susceptibility) was used to analyse 467 patients with suspected genetic predisposition to CM referred to IOV between 2021 and 2024. All eligible index cases underwent pre-test counselling with signature of informed consent; pedigree construction; genetic testing with variant interpretation; post-test counselling with indications for possible surveillance and extension of specific genetic test to relatives. A low overall mutation rate of 7.1% (33/467) was found, which is lower than the national average, suggesting other genes involved in the Veneto region or weak selection criteria. However, considering only the genes strongly indicated by the ASCO guidelines for CM, CDKN2A/CDK4, the mutation rate drops to 1.7%. Analysis using an NGS panel, expanded to include other genes, resulted in a four-fold increase in the detection rate. More specifically, variants in CDKN2A (PV and LPV) account for 24% of cases (8/33), with the p.Pro48Thr variant present in 50% of mutated cases, suggesting a probable founder effect of the Veneto region. The most frequently identified variants were those in genes of moderate penetrance (MITF/ATM), present in 30% of cases. PV and LPV were also identified in other syndromic genes such as PALB2, BRCA2, PTCH2 and in genes with undefined CM penetrance such as OCA2. Approximately 30% of cases (142/467) have a VUS variant (class 3) with a predominant frequency in the BRCA2, POLE, PALB2 and ATM genes. In conclusion, the identification of predisposing genetic variants, not only for melanoma but also for other tumors, represents a fundamental opportunity to identify individuals at high risk of cancer, to whom personalised surveillance protocols should be indicated, with the ultimate goal of increasing the early diagnosis of the disease.
Circa il 7-15% dei pazienti affetti da melanoma cutaneo (CM) presenta una storia familiare positiva per questa neoplasia e/o tumori correlati. Il gene maggiormente coinvolto nella predisposizione al CM è CDKN2A le cui varianti germinali patogenetiche sono state riscontrate nel 33% dei casi di melanoma familiare a livello nazionale. La maggior parte dei casi considerati ad alto rischio per storia personale/familiare risulta quindi non spiegabile geneticamente. Le tecnologie di sequenziamento massivo del genoma hanno permesso di identificare altri geni ad alta/media penetranza per il melanoma (BAP1, POT1, MITF), ma la maggior parte dei casi con sospetta forma ereditaria risulta ancora geneticamente non informativa. Inoltre, con l’aumentare delle sindromi di predisposizione alle diverse forme di cancro definite dai geni ad esse associati, si evidenziano sempre più sovrapposizioni fenotipiche precedentemente non apprezzate. Infatti è stato dimostrato che alcuni geni ad alta penetranza per il CM (familiare/multiplo) sono associati anche ad altri tipi di tumore così come geni predisponenti ad altre sindromi tumorali ereditarie possono conferire un aumentato rischio di CM (overlapping fenotipico). Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato quello di valutare il rate mutazionale dei geni ad alta/media penetranza in un contesto di sindrome tumorale melanoma-dominante o melanoma-subordinato; valutare il potenziale impatto dell’uso di un pannello NGS allargato ad altri geni oltre quelli per CM nella pratica clinica in termini di aumento della resa diagnostica e di sfide interpretative delle eventuali nuove varianti patogenetiche, e indagare il potenziale ruolo nella predisposizione al CM di geni implicati in altre sindromi tumorali, come ad esempio geni di suscettibilità al tumore alla mammella/ovaio, al pancreas e ad altri tumori cutanei (Sindrome di Gorlin). Questo studio ha previsto l’utilizzo di un pannello NGS disegnato per 45 geni (geni ad alta/media penetranza per CM, geni correlati ad altre forme ereditarie di neoplasie e geni emergenti nella suscettibilità al CM) per analizzare 467 pazienti con sospetta predisposizione genetica al CM afferiti allo IOV dal 2021 al 2024. Tutti i casi indice eleggibili sono stati sottoposti a consulenza oncogenetica pre-test; firma del consenso; stesura dell’albero genealogico; test genetico con interpretazione delle varianti; consulenza oncogenetica post-test con indicazioni ad eventuale sorveglianza sanitaria ed estensione del test specifico ai parenti. E’ stato riscontrato un basso overall mutation rate pari al 7,1% (33/467), inferiore alla media nazionale, suggestivo di altri geni coinvolti nella regione Veneto o di criteri di selezione poco stringenti. Tuttavia, considerando i soli geni fortemente indicati dalle linee guida ASCO per CM, CDKN2A/CDK4, il rate mutazionale scende al 1,7%. L’analisi tramite pannello NGS allargato ad altri geni ha quindi permesso di quadruplicare il rate di detection. Più in dettaglio, le varianti in CDKN2A (PV e LPV) rendono conto del 24% dei casi (8/33) con la variante p.Pro48Thr presente nel 50% dei casi mutati suggerendo un probabile effetto founder della regione Veneto. Le varianti più frequentemente identificate sono state quelle a carico di geni a media penetranza (MITF/ATM) nel 30% dei casi. Sono state identificate anche PV e LPV in altri geni sindromici quali PALB2, BRCA2, PTCH2 ed in geni con penetranza per il CM non ancora ben definita quali OCA2. Circa il 30% dei casi (142/467) presentano una variante VUS (classe 3) con una frequenza predominante nei geni BRCA2, POLE, PALB2 e ATM. In conclusione, l’identificazione di varianti genetiche predisponenti non solo al melanoma ma anche ad altre neoplasie rappresenta un’opportunità fondamentale per individuare i soggetti ad alto rischio di neoplasia a cui indicare protocolli di sorveglianza personalizzati, con l’obiettivo finale di una diagnosi di malattia sempre più precoce.
Eterogeneità genetica ed overlapping fenotipico nella predisposizione al melanoma: quali geni indicare per il test genetico?
SCAINI, MARIA CHIARA
2022/2023
Abstract
Approximately 7-15% of patients with cutaneous melanoma (CM) have a positive family history of CM and/or related tumors. The gene most implicated in predisposition to CM is CDKN2A, pathogenic germline variants of which have been found in 33% of familial melanoma cases nationwide. The majority of cases considered to be at high risk based on personal/family history are therefore not genetically explainable. Massive genome sequencing technologies have enabled the identification of other genes with high/medium penetrance for melanoma, such as BAP1, POT1, MITF, but the majority of suspected hereditary cases are still genetically uninformative. In addition, as the number of predisposition syndromes for different cancers defined by their associated genes increases, previously unrecognised phenotypic overlap is becoming increasingly apparent. Indeed, it has been shown that certain genes with high penetrance for CM (familial/multiple) are also associated with other tumor types, just as predisposing genes for other hereditary cancer syndromes may confer an increased risk of CM (phenotypic overlap). In this scenario, the aims of this work were to assess the mutation rate of high/medium penetrance genes in the context of a melanoma-dominant or melanoma-subordinate tumor syndrome; to evaluate the potential impact of using an NGS panel extended to genes other than those for CM, in terms of increased diagnostic yield and challenges in interpreting possible new pathogenic variants; and to investigate the potential role in CM susceptibility of genes involved in other cancer syndromes, such as breast/ovarian, pancreatic and other skin cancer susceptibility genes (Gorlin syndrome). In this study, an NGS panel designed for 45 genes (genes with high/medium penetrance for CM, genes related to other inherited forms of cancer and emerging genes in CM susceptibility) was used to analyse 467 patients with suspected genetic predisposition to CM referred to IOV between 2021 and 2024. All eligible index cases underwent pre-test counselling with signature of informed consent; pedigree construction; genetic testing with variant interpretation; post-test counselling with indications for possible surveillance and extension of specific genetic test to relatives. A low overall mutation rate of 7.1% (33/467) was found, which is lower than the national average, suggesting other genes involved in the Veneto region or weak selection criteria. However, considering only the genes strongly indicated by the ASCO guidelines for CM, CDKN2A/CDK4, the mutation rate drops to 1.7%. Analysis using an NGS panel, expanded to include other genes, resulted in a four-fold increase in the detection rate. More specifically, variants in CDKN2A (PV and LPV) account for 24% of cases (8/33), with the p.Pro48Thr variant present in 50% of mutated cases, suggesting a probable founder effect of the Veneto region. The most frequently identified variants were those in genes of moderate penetrance (MITF/ATM), present in 30% of cases. PV and LPV were also identified in other syndromic genes such as PALB2, BRCA2, PTCH2 and in genes with undefined CM penetrance such as OCA2. Approximately 30% of cases (142/467) have a VUS variant (class 3) with a predominant frequency in the BRCA2, POLE, PALB2 and ATM genes. In conclusion, the identification of predisposing genetic variants, not only for melanoma but also for other tumors, represents a fundamental opportunity to identify individuals at high risk of cancer, to whom personalised surveillance protocols should be indicated, with the ultimate goal of increasing the early diagnosis of the disease.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/81591