The need to expand the number of drug targets currently available represents the main challenge for modern medicinal chemistry. Moving beyond an approach that focuses almost exclusively on the study of proteins as therapeutic targets could open new opportunities for the treatment of a wide range of conditions, including those currently considered incurable, such as genetic disorders and cancer. In this thesis work, nucleic acids are proposed as drug targets in an early drug discovery step. Our research focused on the evaluation of DNA or RNA binding properties of small molecules, designed to interact with the nucleic acids with a certain level of specificity. First, the possibility to conjugate anthraquinone, a well-known DNA-binding scaffold, with a sequence-specific binding peptide chain is investigated. The aim of the conjugation is to achieve sequence-specific DNA binding. Furthermore, newly designed biaryl heteroaromatic molecules are studied for their pre-miR-21 binding properties, with a particular focus on testing their affinity and selectivity. Native Mass Spectrometry screenings are proposed as a key approach for binding characterization, in both the research projects. The approach enables high-throughput results with minimal sample requirements, thus meeting the needs of early drug discovery projects. Our findings indicate the chemical properties of the anthraquinone-binding scaffold hinders the peptide ability to the DNA, preventing a sequence-specific DNA targeting. On the other hand, the screening of potential pre-miR-21-directed molecules, led to the identification of a promising construct-binding compound. A preliminary evaluation of the interaction properties of this molecule with the RNA was performed. The next step in the research will involve further development of the compound into a chimeric molecule (RIBOTAC), capable of promoting sequence-specific RNA degradation. Future efforts should focus on in-depth characterisation of the interaction between pre-miR-21 binding molecules and the RNA. This in-depth study will serve both to more precisely describe the interaction itself, but also to evaluate possible structural optimisation strategies aimed at improving the binding affinity of the compound to pre-miR-21. Finally, the in vitro study of the effects of small molecules on the maturation process of pre-miR-21 is crucial, as it will provide valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of the developed molecules.
La necessità di ampliare il numero di bersagli farmacologici attualmente disponibili rappresenta la sfida principale della chimica farmaceutica moderna. Superare un approccio che si concentra quasi esclusivamente sullo studio di proteine come bersagli terapeutici potrebbe aprire nuove opportunità per il trattamento di una vasta gamma di condizioni, comprese quelle attualmente ritenute incurabili, come i disturbi genetici e il cancro. In questo lavoro di Tesi, gli acidi nucleici sono proposti come bersagli farmacologici nella fase iniziale del processo di drug discovery. In primo luogo, è stata studiata la possibilità di coniugare l'antrachinone, una molecola nota per la sua capacità di intercalare in modo aspecifico tra le basi del DNA, con una catena peptidica. L'obiettivo consiste nell’ottenere un composto capace di interagire con il DNA in modo sequenza-specifico. Inoltre, sono state studiate nuove molecole contenenti una funzione etero aromatica bi-arilica, progettate per interagire con il pre-miR-21. In particolare, sono state valutate la loro affinità e selettività di legame al costrutto di RNA. Lo screening con spettrometria di massa nativa viene proposto come approccio chiave per la caratterizzazione del legame in entrambi i progetti di ricerca. La tecnica consente di ottenere risultati importanti con un dispendio minimo di materiale, soddisfacendo così le necessità di un processo iniziale di drug discovery. I nostri risultati indicano che le proprietà chimiche dell'antrachinone ostacolano la capacità del peptide di raggiungere il DNA, impedendo un’interazione sequenza-specifica con l’acido nucleico. D'altra parte, lo screening di molecole sviluppate per legare il pre-miR-21, ha portato all'identificazione di un composto con buone caratteristiche di affinità e selettività. Una valutazione preliminare delle proprietà legame del composto al pre-miR-21 è stata effettuata durante il lavoro di Tesi. Il prossimo passo in questa ricerca prevede di impiegare il composto selezionato, nello sviluppo di una molecola chimerica (RIBOTAC), in grado di promuovere la degradazione selettiva di sequenze di RNA. Gli sforzi futuri dovranno concentrarsi su una caratterizzazione più approfondita dell'interazione tra le molecole leganti il pre-miR-21 e l'RNA. L’approfondimento servirà sia a descrivere in modo più preciso l'interazione tra le diverse molecole, ma anche a valutare eventuali strategie di ottimizzazione strutturale, volte a migliorare l’affinità di legame del composto al pre-miR-21. Infine, lo studio in vitro degli effetti delle piccole molecole sul processo di maturazione del pre-miR-21 è fondamentale, in quanto fornirà preziose indicazioni sul potenziale terapeutico delle molecole sviluppate.
Native mass spectrometry-based drug discovery: small molecules against nucleic acids
SGORLON, CHIARA
2024/2025
Abstract
The need to expand the number of drug targets currently available represents the main challenge for modern medicinal chemistry. Moving beyond an approach that focuses almost exclusively on the study of proteins as therapeutic targets could open new opportunities for the treatment of a wide range of conditions, including those currently considered incurable, such as genetic disorders and cancer. In this thesis work, nucleic acids are proposed as drug targets in an early drug discovery step. Our research focused on the evaluation of DNA or RNA binding properties of small molecules, designed to interact with the nucleic acids with a certain level of specificity. First, the possibility to conjugate anthraquinone, a well-known DNA-binding scaffold, with a sequence-specific binding peptide chain is investigated. The aim of the conjugation is to achieve sequence-specific DNA binding. Furthermore, newly designed biaryl heteroaromatic molecules are studied for their pre-miR-21 binding properties, with a particular focus on testing their affinity and selectivity. Native Mass Spectrometry screenings are proposed as a key approach for binding characterization, in both the research projects. The approach enables high-throughput results with minimal sample requirements, thus meeting the needs of early drug discovery projects. Our findings indicate the chemical properties of the anthraquinone-binding scaffold hinders the peptide ability to the DNA, preventing a sequence-specific DNA targeting. On the other hand, the screening of potential pre-miR-21-directed molecules, led to the identification of a promising construct-binding compound. A preliminary evaluation of the interaction properties of this molecule with the RNA was performed. The next step in the research will involve further development of the compound into a chimeric molecule (RIBOTAC), capable of promoting sequence-specific RNA degradation. Future efforts should focus on in-depth characterisation of the interaction between pre-miR-21 binding molecules and the RNA. This in-depth study will serve both to more precisely describe the interaction itself, but also to evaluate possible structural optimisation strategies aimed at improving the binding affinity of the compound to pre-miR-21. Finally, the in vitro study of the effects of small molecules on the maturation process of pre-miR-21 is crucial, as it will provide valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of the developed molecules.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/81882