Background: Breast carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm in women, with an estimated 1 in 3 malignant tumors being a breast tumor. A consequence of breast cancer treatment is secondary lymphedema, which is one of the most significant negative sequelae and is caused by trauma to the lymphatic system through surgery or radiation to the regional lymph nodes. Currently, the most commonly used outpatient techniques for diagnosing and monitoring patients include clinical evaluation with circumferential measurements for indirect limb volume calculation and, when necessary, ultrasound assessment of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In this context, the assessment of the limb using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) is increasingly mentioned in the literature. BIA enables the determination of localized skin water by measuring the dielectric constant of tissues. Indeed, BIA is a non-invasive technique that is proving useful for evaluating and monitoring the condition, thanks to its ability to provide quantitative data on the state of lymphatic tissue. Furthermore, the use of this technology can facilitate a personalized approach to treatment, improving patients' quality of life and contributing to a more effective management of the condition under examination. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the reliability of regional tetrapolar monofrequency bioimpedance analysis in characterizing and monitoring upper limb lymphedema secondary to oncologic breast surgery. This is achieved by comparing it with clinical assessment and ultrasound data, evaluating patients before and after complex decongestive treatment. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients were recruited and evaluated at our rehabilitation outpatient clinics in AOPD. The patients underwent a standard clinical examination to assess the condition of lymphedema at specific points of the upper limb using the pitting edema scale and to determine the indirect volume of both the affected and healthy limb through circumferential measurements. Additionally, the patients were assessed using regional BIA (BIA 101 BIVA PRO) and underwent high-frequency ultrasound with a linear probe to measure the thickness of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Nine of the recruited patients were re-evaluated using the same methods at the end of complex decongestive therapy (CDT). Results: BIA values differ significantly between the healthy and affected limb, and resistance and reactance values show a significant correlation with indirect volume calculation and ultrasound assessment of dermal and subcutaneous thickness. No statistically significant differences were found in BIA, ultrasound, and volumetric values before and after treatment. Conclusions: Regional tetrapolar monofrequency BIA has proven to be a simple, fast, and reliable method for monitoring patients with secondary lymphedema in an outpatient setting. However, there is currently insufficient data to support the use of this tool alone for lymphedema assessment. It is recommended to use it alongside existing routine clinical practice.
Premessa: Il carcinoma mammario è la neoplasia più diagnosticata nelle donne, si stima infatti, che circa 1 tumore maligno ogni 3 è un tumore mammario. Una conseguenza del trattamento della neoplasia mammaria è il linfedema secondario, che risulta essere una tra le più importanti sequele negative ed è causata da un trauma al sistema linfatico mediante chirurgia o radiazioni ai linfonodi regionali. Attualmente le tecniche più comunemente usate in regime ambulatoriale per la diagnosi ed il monitoraggio delle pazienti sono la valutazione clinica con le misurazioni circonferenziali con calcolo indiretto del volume dell’arto e, ove necessario, la valutazione ecografica di cute e sottocute. In tale contesto si inserisce con maggior frequenza in letteratura la valutazione dell’arto tramite bioimpedenziometria (BIA), che permette la determinazione dell'edema cutaneo localizzato attraverso la misurazione della costante dielettrica dei tessuti; la BIA, infatti, è una tecnica non invasiva che si sta rivelando utile per la valutazione e il monitoraggio della condizione, grazie alla sua capacità di fornire dati quantitativi sullo stato del tessuto linfatico. Inoltre, l'uso di questa tecnologia può facilitare un approccio personalizzato al trattamento, migliorando la qualità di vita delle pazienti e contribuendo a una gestione più efficace della patologia in esame. Scopo dello studio: Lo scopo dello studio è quello di valutare l’affidabilità della bioimpedenziometria regionale tetrapolare monofrequenza, nel caratterizzare e monitorare il linfedema agli arti superiori secondario a chirurgia oncologica mammaria, confrontandolo con la clinica e con il dato ecografico e valutando le pazienti pre e post trattamento decongestivo complesso. Materiali e metodi: Sono state reclutate 20 pazienti valutate presso i nostri ambulatori di riabilitazione in AOPD: le pazienti sono state visitate come di norma valutando clinicamente lo stato del linfedema in punti specifici dell’arto superiore secondo il valore di edema pitting scale e definendo il volume indiretto sia dell’arto affetto che dell’arto sano tramite misure circometriche; inoltre le pazienti sono state sottoposte a valutazione con la BIA regionale in nostra dotazione (BIA 101 BIVA PRO) e si è valutato con ecografia ad alta frequenza a sonda lineare, lo spessore di derma e sottocute. 9 delle pazienti reclutate sono state rivalutate con le stesse metodiche anche al termine della terapia decongestionante complessa. Risultati: I valori BIA differiscono in modo statisticamente significativo tra arto sano e patologico, ed i valori di resistenza e reattanza correlano in modo significativo con calcolo indiretto del volume e valutazione ecografica con calcolo dello spessore di derma e sottocute; non si è rilevata alcuna differenza statisticamente significativa nel pre e post trattamento dei valori BIA, ecografici e volumetrici. Conclusioni: La BIA regionale tetrapolare monofrequenza si è rivelata una metodica semplice, rapida e affidabile per monitorare le pazienti con linfedema secondario in regime ambulatoriale; attualmente non vi sono però dati a sufficienza a favore del solo utilizzo di tale strumento nella valutazione del linfedema secondario a chirurgia oncologica mammaria, ma si consiglia di affiancarlo a quanto già in uso nella pratica clinica di routine in essere.
Ruolo della bioimpedenziometria nel monitoraggio del linfedema localizzato agli arti superiori secodario a chirurgia oncologica mammaria. Correlazione con clinica e dato ecografico.
BIANCATO, ALYSSA
2022/2023
Abstract
Background: Breast carcinoma is the most commonly diagnosed neoplasm in women, with an estimated 1 in 3 malignant tumors being a breast tumor. A consequence of breast cancer treatment is secondary lymphedema, which is one of the most significant negative sequelae and is caused by trauma to the lymphatic system through surgery or radiation to the regional lymph nodes. Currently, the most commonly used outpatient techniques for diagnosing and monitoring patients include clinical evaluation with circumferential measurements for indirect limb volume calculation and, when necessary, ultrasound assessment of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In this context, the assessment of the limb using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) is increasingly mentioned in the literature. BIA enables the determination of localized skin water by measuring the dielectric constant of tissues. Indeed, BIA is a non-invasive technique that is proving useful for evaluating and monitoring the condition, thanks to its ability to provide quantitative data on the state of lymphatic tissue. Furthermore, the use of this technology can facilitate a personalized approach to treatment, improving patients' quality of life and contributing to a more effective management of the condition under examination. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the reliability of regional tetrapolar monofrequency bioimpedance analysis in characterizing and monitoring upper limb lymphedema secondary to oncologic breast surgery. This is achieved by comparing it with clinical assessment and ultrasound data, evaluating patients before and after complex decongestive treatment. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients were recruited and evaluated at our rehabilitation outpatient clinics in AOPD. The patients underwent a standard clinical examination to assess the condition of lymphedema at specific points of the upper limb using the pitting edema scale and to determine the indirect volume of both the affected and healthy limb through circumferential measurements. Additionally, the patients were assessed using regional BIA (BIA 101 BIVA PRO) and underwent high-frequency ultrasound with a linear probe to measure the thickness of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Nine of the recruited patients were re-evaluated using the same methods at the end of complex decongestive therapy (CDT). Results: BIA values differ significantly between the healthy and affected limb, and resistance and reactance values show a significant correlation with indirect volume calculation and ultrasound assessment of dermal and subcutaneous thickness. No statistically significant differences were found in BIA, ultrasound, and volumetric values before and after treatment. Conclusions: Regional tetrapolar monofrequency BIA has proven to be a simple, fast, and reliable method for monitoring patients with secondary lymphedema in an outpatient setting. However, there is currently insufficient data to support the use of this tool alone for lymphedema assessment. It is recommended to use it alongside existing routine clinical practice.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82019