It’s the 31st of October 2008 when the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto publishes “The White Paper”: it is a description of how Bitcoin, a novel digital currency system entirely decentralized and based on a peer-to-peer network, operates without the need for financial institutions as intermediaries. Over the following almost-20 years, cryptocurrencies have become an important and controversial topic of research for the scientific and academic community, both from the more technical point of view of the Blockchain technology and the theoretical point of view regarding the interaction between cryptocurrencies and classic economic principles like inflation. The debate that emerged is between those who consider them the future of money - free from State monopoly and control - and those who instead see them as only a giant speculative bubble, destined to burst and crash, with no practical real-world uses. What’s certain is that the cryptocurrency-market is to this day worth more than 3 trillion dollars: despite their high volatility, cryptos have become an interesting set of financial assets - due to their peculiar characteristics - and they are being looked upon as a potential instrument for investment diversification by institutional and retail investors alike. Cryptocurrencies are also questioned for their environmental sustainability: the proof-of-work mining process, upon which a lot of the most popular cryptocurrencies are based in order to mint new tokens, is particularly power-intensive and has the added outcome of producing lots of hard-to-recycle e-waste. In this ever-evolving ecosystem of decentralized tokens, State actors and policy makers have a tough decision to make: how should they approach what is effectively a direct challenge to the status-quo of unquestioned State sovereignty and monopoly over monetary policy? The possible courses of action are numerous: should they adopt strict policies in order to regulate the usage and exchange of cryptos, thus undermining the decentralization aspect? Should they resize and recontextualize the scope of the phenomenon by underlining its high volatility and lack of practical uses? Should they not only allow but also subsidize and incentivize the usage of cryptos, thus riding the popularity of the phenomenon in order to attract interest from crypto-enthusiasts? There is not an end-all-be-all solution to the questions that cryptocurrencies directly pose to State actors and policy makers, and in fact it’s more than plausible that governments won’t adopt regulatory policies in the short to medium period, as many other sectors of IT are still left unregulated. The question that this research will try to answer is the following: are cryptocurrencies here to stay and destined to become the “money of the future”, or are they just a proverbial “flash in the pan” that made a few people millionaires? To do so, I’ll analyze how cryptocurrencies work from a technical and theoretical point of view - while underlining their possible applications and limitations - through the lenses of different monetary theories and concrete case studies, all the while keeping in mind what the evolution of money throughout human history can tell us about the future.
E’ il 31 Ottobre 2008 quando lo pseudonimo Satoshi Nakamoto pubblica “The White Paper”: si tratta di una descrizione del funzionamento di Bitcoin, un nuovo sistema di valuta digitale interamente decentralizzata e basato su un network peer - to - peer, senza necessità di una istituzione finanziaria intermedia. Nei quasi 20 anni successivi le criptovalute sono diventate un importante e controverso oggetto di ricerca per la comunità scientifica e accademica, sia dal punto di vista tecnico della tecnologia Blockchain che dal punto di vista teorico dell’interazione tra le stesse e i principi economici classici, come l’inflazione. Il dibattito emerso è diviso tra coloro che le considerano come la moneta del futuro - slegata dal controllo e monopolio statale - e chi le considera come una gigante bolla speculativa destinata a scoppiare, senza utilizzi pratici. Ciò che è certo è che il mercato delle criptovalute ad oggi vale più di 3 trilioni di dollari: nonostante la loro elevata volatilità, le criptovalute sono diventate una interessante tipologia di asset finanziari - a causa delle loro particolari peculiarità - valutata come un potenziale strumento per la diversificazione degli investimenti sia da investitori istituzionali che al dettaglio. In questo contesto in continua evoluzione, gli attori statuali e i decisori politici si trovano a dover prendere una decisione difficile: come dovrebbero affrontare quella che è a tutti gli effetti una sfida diretta allo status-quo rappresentato dalla sovranità e dal monopolio dello Stato sulla politica monetaria? Le possibili linee di azione sono numerose: sarebbe possibile adottare politiche restrittive per regolamentare l’uso e lo scambio delle criptovalute, contrastando la natura decentralizzata del mezzo? Oppure si dovrebbe ricontestualizzare e ridimensionare la portata del fenomeno sottolineando l’elevata volatilità del valore e la mancanza di utilizzi pratici? Oppure ancora, la strada da percorrere è la completa adozione delle criptovalute come moneta di corso, incentivando l’utilizzo in modo tale da catturare l’interesse dei crypto-enthusiast? Non c’è una soluzione universale e corretta alle domande che le criptovalute pongono in capo agli attori statuali, ed è infatti più plausibile che i governi non adottino politiche di regolamentazione nel breve-medio periodo, così come in altri casi del settore IT che sono ancora totalmente privi di regole o quasi. La domanda a cui questa ricerca proverà a dare una risposta è dunque la seguente: le criptovalute sono destinate ad essere il denaro del futuro, oppure sono un fenomeno puramente transitorio che ha reso pochi investitori milionari? Per fare ciò, analizzerò sia gli aspetti tecnici che teorici del funzionamento delle criptovalute - evidenziando le loro possibili applicazioni e limitazioni - attraverso le lenti di diverse teorie monetarie e casi studio concreti, tenendo a mente cosa l’evoluzione del denaro nel corso della storia umana può dirci sul futuro.
Le cripto-valute: una analisi tra denaro del futuro e futuro del denaro
ARCANIOLO, TOMMASO
2024/2025
Abstract
It’s the 31st of October 2008 when the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto publishes “The White Paper”: it is a description of how Bitcoin, a novel digital currency system entirely decentralized and based on a peer-to-peer network, operates without the need for financial institutions as intermediaries. Over the following almost-20 years, cryptocurrencies have become an important and controversial topic of research for the scientific and academic community, both from the more technical point of view of the Blockchain technology and the theoretical point of view regarding the interaction between cryptocurrencies and classic economic principles like inflation. The debate that emerged is between those who consider them the future of money - free from State monopoly and control - and those who instead see them as only a giant speculative bubble, destined to burst and crash, with no practical real-world uses. What’s certain is that the cryptocurrency-market is to this day worth more than 3 trillion dollars: despite their high volatility, cryptos have become an interesting set of financial assets - due to their peculiar characteristics - and they are being looked upon as a potential instrument for investment diversification by institutional and retail investors alike. Cryptocurrencies are also questioned for their environmental sustainability: the proof-of-work mining process, upon which a lot of the most popular cryptocurrencies are based in order to mint new tokens, is particularly power-intensive and has the added outcome of producing lots of hard-to-recycle e-waste. In this ever-evolving ecosystem of decentralized tokens, State actors and policy makers have a tough decision to make: how should they approach what is effectively a direct challenge to the status-quo of unquestioned State sovereignty and monopoly over monetary policy? The possible courses of action are numerous: should they adopt strict policies in order to regulate the usage and exchange of cryptos, thus undermining the decentralization aspect? Should they resize and recontextualize the scope of the phenomenon by underlining its high volatility and lack of practical uses? Should they not only allow but also subsidize and incentivize the usage of cryptos, thus riding the popularity of the phenomenon in order to attract interest from crypto-enthusiasts? There is not an end-all-be-all solution to the questions that cryptocurrencies directly pose to State actors and policy makers, and in fact it’s more than plausible that governments won’t adopt regulatory policies in the short to medium period, as many other sectors of IT are still left unregulated. The question that this research will try to answer is the following: are cryptocurrencies here to stay and destined to become the “money of the future”, or are they just a proverbial “flash in the pan” that made a few people millionaires? To do so, I’ll analyze how cryptocurrencies work from a technical and theoretical point of view - while underlining their possible applications and limitations - through the lenses of different monetary theories and concrete case studies, all the while keeping in mind what the evolution of money throughout human history can tell us about the future.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82100