Western honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), native to Europe, the Middle East and Africa, have been spread worldwide for honey production and crop pollination. Together with wild pollinators, including beetles, hymenoptera, lepidoptera, dipterans and some vertebrate species, they are essential for the reproduction of major plant species, contributing to increased biodiversity in ecosystems. Despite urbanization, habitat loss and pesticide use that threaten the abundance and existence of pollinators, commercial honey bee colonies have increased globally by 45 percent in the past 50 years. This increase has been possible due to adaptation to different environments and targeted management by beekeepers. However, until the 1990s, few studies highlighted this critical issue; in fact, the sudden increase in honey bee colonies triggered competition for vital resources such as nectar and pollen, which can alter the foraging behaviors of wild pollinators. So, there has been growing concern regarding the quantity of honey bees in the wild, in favor of wild pollinators, so that the balance between biodiversity and ecosystem functionality will be ensured in the future. In Italy, rational beekeeping requires theoretical knowledge and adequate equipment. Beekeepers, in order to achieve productive results, must constantly update themselves operationally and sanitary-pathologically. Through breeds of Apis mellifera, such as Ligustica and Carnica, with different aptitude and docility, rational beekeeping takes advantage of specific hives for efficient swarm management and the production of honey, propolis, royal jelly and pollen. Throughout the year, targeted checks are carried out, for example, swarming is monitored in spring, while in winter, food quantity is checked and action is taken against the Varroa destructor parasite. Finally, the management, ideological and technical-practical approach changes according to the beekeeper's propensity: hobbyist or professional. The objective of this thesis, therefore, was to investigate, the experience, habits, behaviors, awareness, ethics and psychology behind modern beekeeping, involving a heterogeneous sample of beekeepers in the province of Venice, belonging to the association “APAT, beekeepers in Veneto.” The latter, founded in 1975, has about 1,400 members, with about 28500 hives (in 2024) and supports beekeepers in the Veneto region through training courses, conferences and study tours. Thus, 30 Venetian beekeepers, divided into 15 hobbyists and 15 professionals, were interviewed by telephone interview. Based on the “COLOSS questionnaire” (2008), Prevention of honey bee “COlony LOSSes,” the new questionnaire was modified and divided into two parts: technical-practical and sociopsychological. Within it, open-ended, multiple-choice, true and false and scoring questions were included. The first part contained technical and hive management-related questions in order to analyze different factors such as the mortality that occurred in winter 2023 and be able to attribute them to environmental, parasite or mismanagement dynamics by the owner. The second part encompassed open-ended questions related to professional ethics, beekeeper psychology, sensitivity and knowledge in the world of wild pollinators and honey bee in order to intuit the present motivations behind today's beekeeping.
Le api mellifere occidentali (Apis mellifera L.), originarie di Europa, Medio Oriente e Africa, sono state diffuse in tutto il mondo per la produzione di miele e l'impollinazione delle colture. Assieme agli impollinatori selvatici, tra cui coleotteri, imenotteri, lepidotteri, ditteri e alcune specie di vertebrati, risultano essenziali per la riproduzione delle principali specie vegetali, contribuendo ad aumentare la biodiversità degli ecosistemi. Nonostante l'urbanizzazione, la perdita di habitat e l'uso di pesticidi che minacciano l’abbondanza e l’esistenza degli impollinatori, le colonie commerciali di api mellifere sono aumentate globalmente del 45% negli ultimi 50 anni. Questo incremento è stato possibile grazie all’adattamento ai diversi ambienti e alla gestione mirata degli apicoltori. Tuttavia, fino agli anni ’90, pochi studi hanno evidenziato tale criticità, infatti, il repentino aumento di colonie di api mellifere ha innescato una competizione per le risorse vitali come nettare e polline, in grado di alterare i comportamenti di foraggiamento degli impollinatori selvatici. Dunque, è cresciuta la preoccupazione riguardante la quantità di api mellifere in natura, a favore degli impollinatori selvatici, affinché in futuro sia garantito l’equilibrio tra biodiversità e funzionalità degli ecosistemi. In Italia, l'apicoltura razionale richiede conoscenze teoriche e attrezzature adeguate. Gli apicoltori, per ottenere risultati produttivi, devono aggiornarsi costantemente dal punto di vista operativo e sanitario-patologico. Attraverso razze di Apis mellifera, come Ligustica e Carnica, a diversa attitudine e docilità, l'apicoltura razionale sfrutta specifiche arnie per una gestione efficiente degli sciami e per la produzione di miele, propoli, pappa reale e polline. Durante l’anno, si eseguono controlli mirati, ad esempio, in primavera si monitorano le sciamature, mentre in inverno si verifica la quantità di cibo e si interviene contro il parassita Varroa destructor. Infine, l’approccio gestionale, ideologico e tecnico-pratico cambia in base alla propensione dell’apicoltore: hobbistica o professionale. L'obiettivo di questa tesi , dunque, è stato quello di indagare, l’esperienza, le abitudini, i comportamenti, la consapevolezza, l’etica e la psicologia che si celano dietro l’apicoltura moderna, coinvolgendo un campione eterogeneo di apicoltori della provincia di Venezia, appartenenti all’associazione “APAT, apicoltori in Veneto”. Quest’ultima, fondata nel 1975, conta circa 1400 associati, con circa 28500 alveari (nel 2024) e supporta gli apicoltori del Veneto attraverso corsi di formazione, convegni e viaggi studio. Quindi, sono stati intervistati, tramite colloquio telefonico, 30 apicoltori veneziani, suddivisi in 15 hobbisti e 15 professionisti. Basato sul “questionario COLOSS” (2008), Prevention of honey bee “COlony LOSSes”, il nuovo questionario è stato modificato e diviso in due parti: tecnico-pratica e sociopsicologica. Al suo interno, sono state inserite domande aperte, a risposta multipla, vero e falso ed attribuzione di punteggi. La prima parte conteneva domande tecniche e legate alla gestione degli alveari, per poter analizzare diversi fattori come la mortalità verificatasi nell'inverno 2023 e poterli attribuire a dinamiche ambientali, parassitarie o di errata gestione da parte del proprietario. La seconda parte racchiudeva domande aperte legate all’etica professionale, alla psicologia dell’apicoltore, alla sensibilità e conoscenza nel mondo degli impollinatori selvatici e dell’ape mellifera al fine di intuire le motivazioni presenti alla base dell'apicoltura odierna.
Indagine sulle conoscenze tecniche degli apicoltori e sugli aspetti sociali connessi all’attività apistica in provincia di Venezia
MAINARDI, FRANCESCO
2024/2025
Abstract
Western honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), native to Europe, the Middle East and Africa, have been spread worldwide for honey production and crop pollination. Together with wild pollinators, including beetles, hymenoptera, lepidoptera, dipterans and some vertebrate species, they are essential for the reproduction of major plant species, contributing to increased biodiversity in ecosystems. Despite urbanization, habitat loss and pesticide use that threaten the abundance and existence of pollinators, commercial honey bee colonies have increased globally by 45 percent in the past 50 years. This increase has been possible due to adaptation to different environments and targeted management by beekeepers. However, until the 1990s, few studies highlighted this critical issue; in fact, the sudden increase in honey bee colonies triggered competition for vital resources such as nectar and pollen, which can alter the foraging behaviors of wild pollinators. So, there has been growing concern regarding the quantity of honey bees in the wild, in favor of wild pollinators, so that the balance between biodiversity and ecosystem functionality will be ensured in the future. In Italy, rational beekeeping requires theoretical knowledge and adequate equipment. Beekeepers, in order to achieve productive results, must constantly update themselves operationally and sanitary-pathologically. Through breeds of Apis mellifera, such as Ligustica and Carnica, with different aptitude and docility, rational beekeeping takes advantage of specific hives for efficient swarm management and the production of honey, propolis, royal jelly and pollen. Throughout the year, targeted checks are carried out, for example, swarming is monitored in spring, while in winter, food quantity is checked and action is taken against the Varroa destructor parasite. Finally, the management, ideological and technical-practical approach changes according to the beekeeper's propensity: hobbyist or professional. The objective of this thesis, therefore, was to investigate, the experience, habits, behaviors, awareness, ethics and psychology behind modern beekeeping, involving a heterogeneous sample of beekeepers in the province of Venice, belonging to the association “APAT, beekeepers in Veneto.” The latter, founded in 1975, has about 1,400 members, with about 28500 hives (in 2024) and supports beekeepers in the Veneto region through training courses, conferences and study tours. Thus, 30 Venetian beekeepers, divided into 15 hobbyists and 15 professionals, were interviewed by telephone interview. Based on the “COLOSS questionnaire” (2008), Prevention of honey bee “COlony LOSSes,” the new questionnaire was modified and divided into two parts: technical-practical and sociopsychological. Within it, open-ended, multiple-choice, true and false and scoring questions were included. The first part contained technical and hive management-related questions in order to analyze different factors such as the mortality that occurred in winter 2023 and be able to attribute them to environmental, parasite or mismanagement dynamics by the owner. The second part encompassed open-ended questions related to professional ethics, beekeeper psychology, sensitivity and knowledge in the world of wild pollinators and honey bee in order to intuit the present motivations behind today's beekeeping.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82148