Floods are hydrological phenomena characterized by a significant and rapid increase of the discharge, generally due to an extreme rainfall event, which often corresponds to a significant transport of solid materials such as sediment and large wood. In alpine environments, there is an increase in the frequency and intensity of these types of events. The combination of these elements constitutes a serious natural hazard for residents and visitors in the areas, as well as causing significant damage to the lands with high impact on the environment. Therefore, it is important to characterize the expected flow rates in a watershed to improve the understanding of erosion processes and sediment transport rates associated with floods and to develop more resilient risk management strategies. The aim of this study is to characterize peak discharges and flood hydrographs for flood events within Ru di Roccia basin (Rocca Pietore, Belluno), a small tributary of Pettorina torrent (1.72 km²), in the absence of specific monitoring or field measurements. To achieve this, design events were studied to estimate peak discharges for theoretical rainfall events with return periods of 30, 50, 100, and 200 years using two different methodologies (rational method and Kinematic Local Excess Model - KLEM). Afterwards, two flood events that affected the basin were reconstructed to understand their impact on the catchment: (i) Storm Vaia, an extreme event that hit the Alps in October 2018, and (ii) a shorter and less intense event that occurred in October 2023. Reconstruction of events was achieved starting from rainfall data measured in proximity of the catchment and using two different hydrological models (FLO-2D and OpenKLEM). The results from the hydrological modeling were used to estimate the bedload transport that occurred during Storm Vaia by mean of literature equations. This analysis was corroborated by the modeling of the erosive dynamics in the main channel by means of the FLO-2D model. Thanks to this analysis, we observed how the KLEM model predicted nearly double the discharges compared to the rational method, especially for intense rainfall events. This difference is probably due to the greater completeness of KLEM, which accounts also for the basin morphometry and its effects on the kinematic response. The event analysis (2018 and 2023 floods) through hydrological models showed a good correspondence between the simulated hydrographs and the rainfall trend. Both models proved to be reliable and suitable in capturing aspects of the dynamics of the events, despite their different quantification of flow and representation of hydrological processes. The empirical formulas used to estimate the sediment transport displayed a similar time and space pattern for all three equations used. However, based on the parameters considered, the Smart-Jaeggi (1983) formula provides a more accurate and detailed description of the transport process. In terms of erosion, the FLO-2D model is an efficient tool for accurately estimating erosive processes and identifying the most delicate areas as well as for predicting the critical erosive conditions directly observed in the field.
Le piene fluviali o torrentizie sono un fenomeno costituito da un aumento significativo e rapido della portata di un corso d’acqua dovuto, generalmente, ad un evento di pioggia estremo, a cui spesso corrisponde un significativo trasporto di materiali solidi quali sedimento e legname. In ambiente alpino si sta osservando un aumento della frequenza e dell’intensità di questa tipologia di eventi. Questa combinazione di elementi costituisce un pericolo naturale serio nei confronti degli abitanti e dei frequentatori di tali aree, oltre che a causare ingenti danni al territorio con conseguenze sull’ambiente. Risulta quindi importante caratterizzare i valori di portata attesi in un bacino idrografico per migliorare la conoscenza dei processi erosivi e di trasporto dei sedimenti associati alle piene e sviluppare strategie di gestione del rischio più resilienti. Questo lavoro di tesi mira a caratterizzare le portate attese per eventi di piena all’interno del bacino del Ru di Roccia (Rocca Pietore, Belluno), un piccolo affluente del torrente Pettorina (1,72 km²), in mancanza di dati misurati in campo. Per raggiungere tale obiettivo sono stati studiati degli eventi di progetto allo scopo di stimare le portate al picco per eventi di pioggia teorici con tempo di ritorno pari a 30, 50, 100 e 200 anni mediante due metodologie differenti (metodo razionale e modello Kinematic Local Excess Model – KLEM). Successivamente sono stati ricostruiti due eventi di piena che hanno interessato recentemente il bacino oggetto di studio al fine di comprendere l’impatto di questi sull’evoluzione del bacino: (i) la tempesta Vaia, evento estremo che ha interessato l’arco alpino nell’ottobre 2018 e (ii) un evento più breve e meno intenso verificatosi nell’ottobre 2023. Gli eventi sono stati ricostruiti a partire da dati di pioggia misurati in prossimità del bacino attraverso due diversi modelli idrologici (FLO-2D e OpenKLEM). Infine, utilizzando i risultati ottenuti si è stimato il trasporto solido di fondo verificatosi durante la tempesta Vaia mediante equazioni di letteratura e analizzando la dinamica erosiva del collettore principale mediante il modello FLO-2D. Dall’analisi di progetto è possibile comprendere come il modello KLEM ha previsto portate quasi doppie rispetto al metodo razionale, soprattutto in eventi intensi. Questa differenza è dovuta alla maggiore completezza del modello KLEM, che tiene conto della morfometria del bacino e dei suoi effetti della cinematica sulla risposta idrologica. Le analisi con modelli idrologici dei due eventi recenti del 2018 e del 2023, invece, hanno mostrato come entrambi i modelli risultano essere discretamente affidabili e idonei nel catturare gli aspetti della dinamica degli eventi nonostante la loro differente quantificazione della portata e rappresentazione dei processi idrologici. La stima del trasporto solido tramite formule empiriche ha mostrato un andamento temporale e spaziale dei profili simili per tutte e tre formule di calcolo utilizzate. Tuttavia, in base ai parametri considerati, la formula di Smart-Jaeggi (1983) fornisce una descrizione più accurata e dettagliata del processo di trasporto. Per quanto riguarda l’erosione, invece, il modello FLO-2D si è rivelato uno strumento efficace per stimare con accuratezza la localizzazione lungo il reticolo dei processi erosivi e identificare i tratti più esposti al fenomeno e rispecchiando le zone critiche già osservate direttamente in campo.
Analisi idrologica e del trasporto solido del bacino Ru di Roccia (Rocca Pietore, BL)
NARDIELLO, MARTA
2024/2025
Abstract
Floods are hydrological phenomena characterized by a significant and rapid increase of the discharge, generally due to an extreme rainfall event, which often corresponds to a significant transport of solid materials such as sediment and large wood. In alpine environments, there is an increase in the frequency and intensity of these types of events. The combination of these elements constitutes a serious natural hazard for residents and visitors in the areas, as well as causing significant damage to the lands with high impact on the environment. Therefore, it is important to characterize the expected flow rates in a watershed to improve the understanding of erosion processes and sediment transport rates associated with floods and to develop more resilient risk management strategies. The aim of this study is to characterize peak discharges and flood hydrographs for flood events within Ru di Roccia basin (Rocca Pietore, Belluno), a small tributary of Pettorina torrent (1.72 km²), in the absence of specific monitoring or field measurements. To achieve this, design events were studied to estimate peak discharges for theoretical rainfall events with return periods of 30, 50, 100, and 200 years using two different methodologies (rational method and Kinematic Local Excess Model - KLEM). Afterwards, two flood events that affected the basin were reconstructed to understand their impact on the catchment: (i) Storm Vaia, an extreme event that hit the Alps in October 2018, and (ii) a shorter and less intense event that occurred in October 2023. Reconstruction of events was achieved starting from rainfall data measured in proximity of the catchment and using two different hydrological models (FLO-2D and OpenKLEM). The results from the hydrological modeling were used to estimate the bedload transport that occurred during Storm Vaia by mean of literature equations. This analysis was corroborated by the modeling of the erosive dynamics in the main channel by means of the FLO-2D model. Thanks to this analysis, we observed how the KLEM model predicted nearly double the discharges compared to the rational method, especially for intense rainfall events. This difference is probably due to the greater completeness of KLEM, which accounts also for the basin morphometry and its effects on the kinematic response. The event analysis (2018 and 2023 floods) through hydrological models showed a good correspondence between the simulated hydrographs and the rainfall trend. Both models proved to be reliable and suitable in capturing aspects of the dynamics of the events, despite their different quantification of flow and representation of hydrological processes. The empirical formulas used to estimate the sediment transport displayed a similar time and space pattern for all three equations used. However, based on the parameters considered, the Smart-Jaeggi (1983) formula provides a more accurate and detailed description of the transport process. In terms of erosion, the FLO-2D model is an efficient tool for accurately estimating erosive processes and identifying the most delicate areas as well as for predicting the critical erosive conditions directly observed in the field.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82151