Abstract In this experimental thesis work, triple-helix complexes composed of an RNA strand and a DNA double helix were investigated, along with their effect on transcription. These complexes, known as triplexes, were first predicted in the 1950s and later synthesized in vitro in more recent years, as reported in scientific literature. Although their experimental validation in living cells remains an active area of research, several studies now support their existence and dual functionality: (i) as genomic structural elements influencing chromatin architecture, and (ii) as regulatory elements modulating gene expression. This thesis focused on the biophysical mechanisms by which triplexes are stabilized in physiological environments by biomolecules containing amine groups, with a particular emphasis on the polyamines spermine, spermidine, cadaverine, and putrescine. This aspect is central to the study of triplexes because their charge density per nucleotide pair is higher than that of a DNA duplex, necessitating a mechanism to mitigate electrostatic repulsion. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and temperature-dependent dissociation analyses (melting temperature, Tm, analysis) were conducted to estimate thermodynamic parameters, such as the dissociation constant, enabling the comparison of triplex stability under different conditions. The results demonstrated that among the polyamines tested, spermine and spermidine provided the highest stabilization of the triplex, comparable to the effects of high Mg²⁺ concentrations. Further molecular modelling and mass spectrometry analyses confirmed the EMSA and Tm analysis data, revealing the geometry of the triplex-polyamine complex in a model triplex sequence of 15 nucleotides. The effect of triplex formation on transcriptional modulation represents the next step in this research, with preliminary results presented in this work. The findings of this thesis are currently part of a scientific article in preparation for publication.
Sommario In questo lavoro di tesi sperimentale, sono stati investigati complessi a tripla elica composti da un filamento di RNA e una doppia elica di DNA e il loro effetto sulla trascrizione. Questi complessi sono chiamati triplex e sono noti in letteratura scientifica per essere stati predetti negli anni ’50 e successivamente prodotti in vitro in anni recenti. Nonostante la loro verifica sperimentale in cellula sia ancora oggetto di ricerca, ci sono ormai diversi studi che indicano la loro esistenza e la loro duplice funzione: (i) elementi strutturali genomici che influenzano l’architettura della cromatina e (ii) elementi regolatori che regolano l’espressione dei geni. Questa tesi si è occupata di studiare da un punto di vista biofisico come i triplex siano stabilizzati in ambiente fisiologico da parte di biomolecole contenenti gruppi amminici e in particolare concentrandosi sulle poliammine spermina, spermidina, cadaverina e putrescina. Questo aspetto è centrale nello studio dei triplex perché la densità di carica elettrica nel complesso triplex è più elevata di un duplex di DNA, per coppia di nucleotidi, e richiede un meccanismo di riduzione della repulsione elettrostatica. Esperimenti di elettroforesi (electrophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA) e dissociazione temperatura-dipendente (melting temperature, Tm, analysis) condotti in questo lavoro, hanno portato alla stima di parametri termodinamici come la costante di dissociazione che ha permesso il confronto della stabilità dei triplex in diverse condizioni. I risultati hanno dimostrato che, tra le poliammine, spermina e spermidina stabilizzano maggiormente il triplex, a livelli comparabili ad elevate concentrazioni di Mg2+. Ulteriori dati di modellizzazione molecolare e analisi di massa, hanno confermano i dati EMSA e Tm analysis, rivelando la geometria del complesso triplex-poliammine in un triplex modello lungo 15 nucleotidi. L’effetto di modulazione della trascrizione è il passo successivo di questo del quale vengono presentati dei risultati preliminari. I risultati di questa tesi sono attualmente parte di un articolo scientifico di prossima pubblicazione.
Triplex-Mediated Polyamines Effect on Gene Expression
DAEIZADEHJELOUDAR, YEGANEH
2024/2025
Abstract
Abstract In this experimental thesis work, triple-helix complexes composed of an RNA strand and a DNA double helix were investigated, along with their effect on transcription. These complexes, known as triplexes, were first predicted in the 1950s and later synthesized in vitro in more recent years, as reported in scientific literature. Although their experimental validation in living cells remains an active area of research, several studies now support their existence and dual functionality: (i) as genomic structural elements influencing chromatin architecture, and (ii) as regulatory elements modulating gene expression. This thesis focused on the biophysical mechanisms by which triplexes are stabilized in physiological environments by biomolecules containing amine groups, with a particular emphasis on the polyamines spermine, spermidine, cadaverine, and putrescine. This aspect is central to the study of triplexes because their charge density per nucleotide pair is higher than that of a DNA duplex, necessitating a mechanism to mitigate electrostatic repulsion. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and temperature-dependent dissociation analyses (melting temperature, Tm, analysis) were conducted to estimate thermodynamic parameters, such as the dissociation constant, enabling the comparison of triplex stability under different conditions. The results demonstrated that among the polyamines tested, spermine and spermidine provided the highest stabilization of the triplex, comparable to the effects of high Mg²⁺ concentrations. Further molecular modelling and mass spectrometry analyses confirmed the EMSA and Tm analysis data, revealing the geometry of the triplex-polyamine complex in a model triplex sequence of 15 nucleotides. The effect of triplex formation on transcriptional modulation represents the next step in this research, with preliminary results presented in this work. The findings of this thesis are currently part of a scientific article in preparation for publication.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/82298