The EU as an actor in SSR. The case of Malaysia

The study explores the political, historical, and institutional dynamics shaping Malaysia's SSR trajectory and assesses the EU's involvement through diplomatic engagement, financial instruments such as the Neighbourhood, Development and International Cooperation Instrument (NDICI), and technical assistance programs focused on police accountability, border security, and counterterrorism. This research highlights the importance of context-sensitive international cooperation in advancing sustainable SSR, emphasizing that the EU's support has been vital in reinforcing good governance and democratic oversight within Malaysia's security sector. This thesis contributes to broader discussions on the complexities of implementing SSR and the strategic role external actors can play in promoting regional stability, democratic development, and human rights.