This research examines the extent to which the European Court of Human Rights’ (“ECtHR”) approach to the right to education for persons with autism aligns with or diverges from the principles of inclusive education and non-discrimination enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (“CRPD”). In order to answer this question, the research is structured along three main axes: theoretical, legal and jurisprudential. The first chapter explores the basic concepts of autism, disability, equality and inclusive education, adopting a critical perspective rooted in Disability Studies and the human rights model of disability. The second chapter analyzes the international normative framework, comparing the CRPD – which redefined inclusive education as an immediately enforceable right – with the Council of Europe (CoE) system, which has only gradually incorporated protections for people with disabilities. Finally, the third chapter examines the jurisprudence of the ECtHR, identifying advances, limitations and inconsistencies in its approach to the educational rights of autistic persons, with particular attention to the role of state margin of appreciation. The research shows that although the ECtHR has made progress in recognizing the right to inclusive education, its approach remains jeopardized and not fully aligned with the CRPD. The Court tends to privilege states' discretion, limiting itself to a procedural interpretation of nondiscrimination, rather than embracing the principle of substantive equality promoted by the CRPD. This generates legal uncertainty and hinders the full recognition of inclusive education as a fundamental right. In light of these considerations, the thesis emphasizes the need for greater integration of CRPD principles into ECtHR jurisprudence so that inclusive education for people with autism does not remain a theoretical goal, but becomes an effective and universally protected guarantee.
La presente tesi analizza l’approccio della Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo (ECtHR) al diritto all’istruzione per le persone autistiche, valutando in che misura esso sia in linea o in contrasto con i principi di educazione inclusiva e non discriminazione sanciti dalla Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sui diritti delle persone con disabilità (CRPD). Per rispondere a questa domanda, la ricerca si articola lungo tre assi principali: teorico, giuridico e giurisprudenziale. Il primo capitolo esplora i concetti fondamentali di autismo, disabilità, uguaglianza e istruzione inclusiva, adottando una prospettiva critica radicata nei Disability Studies e nel modello dei diritti umani della disabilità. Il secondo capitolo analizza il quadro normativo internazionale, confrontando la CRPD, che ha ridefinito l’educazione inclusiva come diritto immediatamente esigibile, con il sistema del Consiglio d’Europa (CoE), che ha incorporato solo gradualmente le tutele per le persone con disabilità. Infine, il terzo capitolo esamina la giurisprudenza della ECtHR, individuando progressi, limiti e incoerenze nel suo approccio ai diritti educativi delle persone autistiche, con particolare attenzione al ruolo del margine di apprezzamento statale. La ricerca evidenzia che, sebbene la ECtHR abbia compiuto passi avanti nel riconoscimento del diritto all’educazione inclusiva, il suo approccio resta frammentato e non pienamente allineato alla CRPD. La Corte, infatti, tende a privilegiare la discrezionalità degli Stati, limitandosi a un’interpretazione procedurale della non discriminazione, piuttosto che abbracciare il principio di uguaglianza sostanziale promosso dalla CRPD. Ciò genera incertezza giuridica e ostacola il pieno riconoscimento dell’educazione inclusiva come diritto fondamentale. Alla luce di queste considerazioni, la tesi sottolinea la necessità di una maggiore integrazione dei principi della CRPD nella giurisprudenza della ECtHR, affinché l’educazione inclusiva per le persone autistiche non resti un obiettivo teorico, ma diventi una garanzia effettiva e universalmente tutelata.
Autism and Equality: Unpacking ECtHR’s Approach to Inclusive Education
MARINO, ALESSANDRA
2024/2025
Abstract
This research examines the extent to which the European Court of Human Rights’ (“ECtHR”) approach to the right to education for persons with autism aligns with or diverges from the principles of inclusive education and non-discrimination enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (“CRPD”). In order to answer this question, the research is structured along three main axes: theoretical, legal and jurisprudential. The first chapter explores the basic concepts of autism, disability, equality and inclusive education, adopting a critical perspective rooted in Disability Studies and the human rights model of disability. The second chapter analyzes the international normative framework, comparing the CRPD – which redefined inclusive education as an immediately enforceable right – with the Council of Europe (CoE) system, which has only gradually incorporated protections for people with disabilities. Finally, the third chapter examines the jurisprudence of the ECtHR, identifying advances, limitations and inconsistencies in its approach to the educational rights of autistic persons, with particular attention to the role of state margin of appreciation. The research shows that although the ECtHR has made progress in recognizing the right to inclusive education, its approach remains jeopardized and not fully aligned with the CRPD. The Court tends to privilege states' discretion, limiting itself to a procedural interpretation of nondiscrimination, rather than embracing the principle of substantive equality promoted by the CRPD. This generates legal uncertainty and hinders the full recognition of inclusive education as a fundamental right. In light of these considerations, the thesis emphasizes the need for greater integration of CRPD principles into ECtHR jurisprudence so that inclusive education for people with autism does not remain a theoretical goal, but becomes an effective and universally protected guarantee.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/83922