Armi, tratte e potere in Libia: L'interazione tra proliferazione di armi, traffico di umani, e interessi degli attori esterni.

This thesis explores the interplay between arms proliferation and human trafficking networks and how they interact in Libya, focusing on the post-Gaddafi era (2011- 2024). Using an historical approach, this research examines how the fall of Gaddafi in 2011 led to a political vacuum, which was exploited by militia and armed groups involved both in illicit activities including arms and human trafficking. Furthermore, this study investigates how political and economic interests of external actors, particularly those involved in arms trade, have influenced the proliferation of trafficking networks, worsening regional instability and increasing migration flows. This thesis is structured in five chapters. It begins with an overview of the research framework through which this study is conducted, including relevance, research question, methodology and a critical literature review. The second chapter will provide a historical overview of Libya from 1969 to 2011. It will take a look at Libya’s trajectory from Gaddafi’s rise to power in 1969, his shifting political and economic governance strategies and alliances, until his fall during the Arab Spring of 2011. Finally, it provides an analysis of Libya’s fragile transition after Gaddafi, covering NATO’s intervention, the second civil war and the current situation. The third chapter constitutes the main focus of this study as it delves into the relationship between arms proliferation and human trafficking in Libya, demonstrating how these phenomena reinforce each other along primary migration routes. It also outlines legal frameworks regulating both issues. Two case studies will be taken in consideration: the coastal area and southern Libya, showcasing both the country’s dual role as a destination and a departure point, and the main hotspots where arms flows and trafficking operations converge. Chapter four will investigate the role of external actors in shaping the security landscape, including the EU – particularly Italy - the US, Turkey and Russia, and acknowledging their political, economic and military interests in Libya. The analysis will highlight arms embargo violations, migration policies, economic objectives, especially considering the energy sector, and efforts at stabilizing the region – mainly by the UN. Finally, this thesis will delve into key findings and policy recommendations, proposing legal reforms at the EU and international level, as well as more practical measures to reduce arms proliferation and human trafficking. The study concludes by highlighting the limits of this study and proposes new paths for future research.