Animal behaviour can show highly diverse patterns, even within the same species. For instance, different individuals may behave differently from one another, a concept that forms the basis of animal personality research. However, this does not imply that an individual always behaves in the same way; rather, its behavioural response may change along specific gradients. This concept is closely linked to the idea of plasticity, which can be analysed from two perspectives: population level plasticity and individual level plasticity. Another aspect strongly associated with these dynamics is parental investment, for which the Parental Investment Theory (PIT) predicts an allocation strategy that optimizes the trade-off between benefits and costs for parents. This study aims to investigate nest defence behaviour as a model behaviour – and as a model parental investment – using the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) as a model species, to integrate these aspects. The relationship between personality, population level plasticity, and individual level plasticity was examined, and based on this relationship, PIT was tested in relation to chick age. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that parents invest more in older chicks due to their higher fitness value. The study was conducted in northeastern Germany, in a well-monitored raptor population that has been studied for decades. In addition to annual monitoring and ringing activities, behavioural experiments were conducted. In these experiments, a decoy representing a potential predator – the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo) –was placed near a series of nests for three trials, and data on parental nest defence responses were collected. The results show that a minimal number of buzzards reacted by fleeing, while the majority engaged in active nest defence behaviours, ranging from alarm calling to direct attacks on the decoy. Notably, strong evidence of personality was found, both through an ordinal data analysis and a quantitative analysis of attack-related data. However, the PIT hypothesis was not supported, as the effect of nestlings age on aggression at the population level yielded negative but non-significant results. Nonetheless, some variability in individual plasticity was observed. This aspect, combined with the confirmed presence of personality, suggests that while well-established and repeatedly validated theories such as PIT have solid theoretical and empirical foundations, individual variation remains equally – if not more – important in determining how animals behave.
Il comportamento animale, anche all’interno di una stessa specie, può presentare pattern molto differenti. Ad esempio, diversi individui possono comportarsi in modo diverso tra loro e questo concetto sta alla base dell’idea delle personalità animali. Tuttavia, ciò non significa che un individuo si comporti sempre allo stesso modo, ma anzi la sua risposta comportamentale può cambiare rispetto a determinati gradienti. Questo concetto è strettamente legato all’idea di plasticità, che può essere vista sotto due punti di vista: plasticità di popolazione e plasticità individuale. Un altro aspetto strettamente correlato a queste dinamiche è quello degli investimenti parentali, per i quali la parental investment theory (PIT) prevede un’allocazione che permetta di ottimizzare il rapporto tra benefici e costi per i genitori. Il presente studio si è proposto di considerare il comportamento di difesa del nido come modello di comportamento – e di investimento parentale – e la poiana comune (Buteo buteo) come specie modello per utilizzare un approccio che combinasse tali aspetti. Si è quindi andato a considerare il rapporto tra personalità, plasticità di popolazione e plasticità individuale e, in base a tale rapporto, è stata testata la PIT rispetto all’età dei pulcini. È stata quindi testata l’ipotesi che i genitori investano di più in pulcini più vecchi per via del maggiore valore in termini di fitness di questi ultimi. Ciò è stato fatto nel nord-est della Germania, in un’area e una popolazione di rapaci studiate da decenni, accostando alle attività di monitoraggio e inanellamento annuali degli esperimenti comportamentali. In questi, un decoy rappresentante un possibile predatore – il gufo reale (Bubo bubo) – è stato esposto per tre volte in corrispondenza di una serie di nidi e sono stati raccolti dati circa la risposta di difesa del nido da parte dei genitori. Si è visto come un minimo numero di poiane reagisse fuggendo, mentre la maggior parte reagisse con effettivi comportamenti di difesa del nido, andando dall’emissione di richiami di allarme agli attacchi diretti al decoy. In particolare, è stato possibile dimostrare una forte presenza di personalità, sia eseguendo un’analisi su dati ordinali che eseguendo un’analisi quantitativa sui dati relativi agli attacchi. Non è invece stato possibile confermare l’ipotesi della PIT, avendo piuttosto ottenuto valori negativi non significativi per l’effetto dell’età dei pulcini sull’aggressività a livello di popolazione. Si è tuttavia visto come ci sia una certa variabilità nelle plasticità individuali. Questo aspetto, unito alle conferme ottenute circa la personalità, è indice di come, nonostante le corrette e ripetutamente confermate teorie, come la PIT, abbiano solide basi teoriche ed empiriche, l’individuo abbia un’importanza altrettanto – se non più – rilevante nel determinare come gli animali si comportano.
Plasticity and repeatability in aggressiveness: a study on the nest defence behaviour in the common buzzard (Buteo buteo)
CESCUTTI, SIMONE
2024/2025
Abstract
Animal behaviour can show highly diverse patterns, even within the same species. For instance, different individuals may behave differently from one another, a concept that forms the basis of animal personality research. However, this does not imply that an individual always behaves in the same way; rather, its behavioural response may change along specific gradients. This concept is closely linked to the idea of plasticity, which can be analysed from two perspectives: population level plasticity and individual level plasticity. Another aspect strongly associated with these dynamics is parental investment, for which the Parental Investment Theory (PIT) predicts an allocation strategy that optimizes the trade-off between benefits and costs for parents. This study aims to investigate nest defence behaviour as a model behaviour – and as a model parental investment – using the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) as a model species, to integrate these aspects. The relationship between personality, population level plasticity, and individual level plasticity was examined, and based on this relationship, PIT was tested in relation to chick age. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that parents invest more in older chicks due to their higher fitness value. The study was conducted in northeastern Germany, in a well-monitored raptor population that has been studied for decades. In addition to annual monitoring and ringing activities, behavioural experiments were conducted. In these experiments, a decoy representing a potential predator – the Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo) –was placed near a series of nests for three trials, and data on parental nest defence responses were collected. The results show that a minimal number of buzzards reacted by fleeing, while the majority engaged in active nest defence behaviours, ranging from alarm calling to direct attacks on the decoy. Notably, strong evidence of personality was found, both through an ordinal data analysis and a quantitative analysis of attack-related data. However, the PIT hypothesis was not supported, as the effect of nestlings age on aggression at the population level yielded negative but non-significant results. Nonetheless, some variability in individual plasticity was observed. This aspect, combined with the confirmed presence of personality, suggests that while well-established and repeatedly validated theories such as PIT have solid theoretical and empirical foundations, individual variation remains equally – if not more – important in determining how animals behave.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/84209