Milk is an important and nutritious food containing a lot of micro and macro-nutrients and is essential for the growth and the maintenance of human health. Moreover, consumers from all over the world must face a high number of problems related to food safety because it is produced locally. In the case of milk or dairy products one of these issues is represented by the presence of Aflatoxin M1, especially regarding the development countries. Aflatoxins are a class of mycotoxin derived mainly from Aspergillus species. They can be divided into different families like for example aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. Focusing on aflatoxin B1, it’s the most toxic, cancerogenic and teratogenic typology of aflatoxins and it’s classified as a group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Its residue is present in milk and in other products derived from animals that have ingested contaminated feedstuff. The objective of this work is centered on the aflatoxin M1, derived from the aflatoxin B1 and more specifically its hydroxylated metabolite. In fact, 0.3-6.2% of the AFB1 is converted into the metabolized AFM1 and excreted in the milk in the mammary glands of both humans and lactating species in function of many parameters like genetics of the animals, seasonal variation, the milking process and the environmental conditions. The presence of this mycotoxin in the milk represents a health issue for its toxicity and people of every age are in danger of its consumption in the daily diet. Moreover, it may contaminate other usual daily products like cheese or yogurt and generate additional problems for the consumers. To control and improve health security and minimize the risk, many countries have implemented some regulations. Maximum limit can change from a value of 0 to 1 μg/kg. For example, in Europe this is equal to 0.05 μg/kg in the case of milk. Aflatoxin M1 is very stable even at high temperatures. There are many studies to reduce its concentration but other methods that can detect and minimize the number of mycotoxins in milk to reduce analytical costs and allow a more frequent monitoring are needed.
Il latte è un alimento importante e nutriente, ricco di micro e macronutrienti ed essenziale per la crescita e il mantenimento della salute umana. Inoltre, i consumatori di tutto il mondo devono affrontare un elevato numero di problemi legati alla sicurezza alimentare, poiché viene prodotto localmente. Nel caso del latte e dei latticini, uno di questi problemi è rappresentato dalla presenza di aflatossina M1, soprattutto nei paesi in via di sviluppo. Le aflatossine sono una classe di micotossine derivate principalmente da specie di Aspergillus. Possono essere suddivise in diverse famiglie, come ad esempio le aflatossine B1, B2, G1 e G2. Concentrandosi sull'aflatossina B1, si tratta della tipologia di aflatossina più tossica, cancerogena e teratogena ed è classificata come cancerogena di gruppo I dall'Agenzia Internazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro. I suoi residui sono presenti nel latte e in altri prodotti derivati da animali che hanno ingerito mangimi contaminati.L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è incentrato sull'aflatossina M1, derivata dall'aflatossina B1, e più specificamente sul suo metabolita idrossilato. Infatti, lo 0,3-6,2% dell'AFB1 viene convertito in AFM1 metabolizzato ed escreto nel latte nelle ghiandole mammarie sia degli esseri umani che delle specie in allattamento, in funzione di numerosi parametri come la genetica degli animali, la variazione stagionale, il processo di mungitura e le condizioni ambientali. La presenza di questa micotossina nel latte rappresenta un problema sanitario per la sua tossicità e il suo consumo nella dieta quotidiana può mettere a rischio persone di ogni età. Inoltre, può contaminare altri prodotti di uso quotidiano come formaggio o yogurt, generando ulteriori problemi per i consumatori. Per controllare e migliorare la sicurezza sanitaria e minimizzare il rischio, molti paesi hanno introdotto normative specifiche. Il limite massimo può variare da un valore compreso tra 0 e 1 μg/kg. Ad esempio, in Europa questo valore è pari a 0,05 μg/kg nel caso del latte. L'aflatossina M1 è molto stabile anche ad alte temperature. Sono in corso numerosi studi per ridurne la concentrazione, ma sono necessari altri metodi in grado di rilevare e minimizzare la presenza di micotossine nel latte, riducendo i costi analitici e consentendo un monitoraggio più frequente.
Mitigation of Aflatoxin M1 in contaminated liquid media using functionalized membranes
DE COL, LORENZO
2024/2025
Abstract
Milk is an important and nutritious food containing a lot of micro and macro-nutrients and is essential for the growth and the maintenance of human health. Moreover, consumers from all over the world must face a high number of problems related to food safety because it is produced locally. In the case of milk or dairy products one of these issues is represented by the presence of Aflatoxin M1, especially regarding the development countries. Aflatoxins are a class of mycotoxin derived mainly from Aspergillus species. They can be divided into different families like for example aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2. Focusing on aflatoxin B1, it’s the most toxic, cancerogenic and teratogenic typology of aflatoxins and it’s classified as a group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Its residue is present in milk and in other products derived from animals that have ingested contaminated feedstuff. The objective of this work is centered on the aflatoxin M1, derived from the aflatoxin B1 and more specifically its hydroxylated metabolite. In fact, 0.3-6.2% of the AFB1 is converted into the metabolized AFM1 and excreted in the milk in the mammary glands of both humans and lactating species in function of many parameters like genetics of the animals, seasonal variation, the milking process and the environmental conditions. The presence of this mycotoxin in the milk represents a health issue for its toxicity and people of every age are in danger of its consumption in the daily diet. Moreover, it may contaminate other usual daily products like cheese or yogurt and generate additional problems for the consumers. To control and improve health security and minimize the risk, many countries have implemented some regulations. Maximum limit can change from a value of 0 to 1 μg/kg. For example, in Europe this is equal to 0.05 μg/kg in the case of milk. Aflatoxin M1 is very stable even at high temperatures. There are many studies to reduce its concentration but other methods that can detect and minimize the number of mycotoxins in milk to reduce analytical costs and allow a more frequent monitoring are needed.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87384