Global climate change, with increasing temperatures and intensified drought in the Mediterranean basin, poses a growing threat to many forest species, particularly mesophilic ones such as silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). This thesis focuses on analysing the relationships between climate variability and xylem anatomical traits in a relict silver fir population located in the Fonte Abeti forest (PU), in northern Marche, central Italy. The main objective was to understand how climatic variations influence radial growth and wood anatomy of Abies alba in an ecologically marginal and vulnerable context. The research combined dendrochronological and dendroanatomical approaches to reconstruct high-resolution chronologies of both tree-ring width and wood structural parameters. Sixteen dominant individuals were selected and sampled from the highest and most exposed part of the stand, in order to maximize the climatic signal embedded in the tree rings. The samples were processed through standard dendrochronological procedures. Anatomical analyses were carried out on 10 µm thick sections, which were digitized and analysed automatically using ROXAS software. Tracheid lumen area, theoretical hydraulic conductivity, and cell wall thickness, in particular, were analyzed and then correlated with several climatic variables (temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index - SPEI) at both monthly and seasonal resolutions. The results showed that both radial growth and xylem anatomical traits are influenced by summer climatic conditions, particularly by water deficit and drought severity. Years marked by particularly anomalous conditions, in terms of duration and intensity of heat waves and drought, revealed physiological responses indicative of an adaptive strategy to reduce the risk of embolism under water stress, though this came at the cost of reduced hydraulic conductivity and wood productivity. Intra-annual analyses highlighted that earlywood is more affected by the previous year's conditions and by late-winter and spring conditions of the current year, while latewood primarily reflects the trends of summer precipitation and temperatures in the current year. From an ecological perspective, the Fonte Abeti population, already characterized by limited spatial extent and some genetic fragmentation, risks becoming extremely vulnerable to future climate scenarios. This research confirms the value of dendroanatomy as a powerful tool for investigating tree responses to climate change with high detail, providing indicators sensitive to both short- and long-term variations and offering useful insights for forest management strategies aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change on forest ecosystems.
Il cambiamento climatico globale, con l’aumento delle temperature e l’intensificarsi della siccità all’interno del bacino del Mediterraneo, rappresenta una minaccia crescente per molte specie forestali, in particolare per quelle mesofile come l'abete bianco (Abies alba Mill.). Questa tesi si concentra sull'analisi delle relazioni tra variabilità climatica e caratteristiche anatomiche dello xilema in un popolamento residuale di abete bianco situato nell’abetina di Fonte Abeti (PU), nelle Marche settentrionali. L'obiettivo principale è stato quello di comprendere in che modo le variazioni climatiche influenzano la crescita radiale e l'anatomia legnosa di Abies alba Mill. in un contesto ecologico marginale e vulnerabile. La ricerca ha combinato approcci dendrocronologici e dendroanatomici per ricostruire cronologie ad alta risoluzione sia dell’ampiezza degli anelli di accrescimento sia dei parametri strutturali dello xilema. Sedici individui dominanti sono stati selezionati e campionati nella parte più alta e più esposta del popolamento, al fine di massimizzare il segnale climatico racchiuso all’interno degli accrescimenti legnosi, e successivamente analizzati attraverso il classico approccio dendrocronologico. L’analisi dendroanatomica, effettuata su sezioni di 10 µm di spessore, digitalizzate per l’analisi automatizzata con il software ROXAS, la quale ha considerato area dei lumi delle tracheidi, conduttanza idraulica teorica e spessore delle pareti cellulari in particolare, ha permesso di effettuare un'analisi delle correlazioni con una serie di variabili climatiche (temperatura, precipitazioni, evapotraspirazione, indice SPEI) a risoluzione mensile e stagionale. I risultati hanno mostrato come la crescita radiale e le caratteristiche anatomiche dello xilema siano influenzate dalle condizioni climatiche estive, in particolare dal deficit idrico e dalla severità della siccità. Gli anni caratterizzati da condizioni particolarmente anomale, in termini di durata e intensità di ondate di calore e siccità, presentano risposte fisiologiche indicative di una riduzione della capacità del trasporto idrico e della produttività, ma al contempo si rivelano utili nel contenere il rischio di embolismo in condizioni di stress idrico. Le analisi intra-anulari hanno evidenziato che il legno primaverile è maggiormente influenzato dalle condizioni climatiche dell'anno precedente e da quelle tardo-invernali e primaverili dell'anno corrente, mentre il legno tardivo riflette prevalentemente l’andamento delle precipitazioni e delle temperature estive dell'anno corrente. Dal punto di vista ecologico, il popolamento di Fonte Abeti, già caratterizzato da una limitata estensione areale e da una certa frammentazione genetica, rischia di diventare estremamente vulnerabile alle future condizioni climatiche. Questa ricerca conferma l'importanza della dendroanatomia per indagare con elevato dettaglio le risposte ecologiche degli alberi ai cambiamenti climatici, fornendo indicatori sensibili sia a breve che a lungo termine e offrendo spunti utili per una gestione volta a mitigare gli effetti del cambiamento climatico sugli ecosistemi forestali.
Analisi delle relazioni tra variabilità climatica e caratteristiche anatomiche dello xilema nell'abetina residuale di Fonte Abeti (PU)
DI SILVESTRI, MATTIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Global climate change, with increasing temperatures and intensified drought in the Mediterranean basin, poses a growing threat to many forest species, particularly mesophilic ones such as silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). This thesis focuses on analysing the relationships between climate variability and xylem anatomical traits in a relict silver fir population located in the Fonte Abeti forest (PU), in northern Marche, central Italy. The main objective was to understand how climatic variations influence radial growth and wood anatomy of Abies alba in an ecologically marginal and vulnerable context. The research combined dendrochronological and dendroanatomical approaches to reconstruct high-resolution chronologies of both tree-ring width and wood structural parameters. Sixteen dominant individuals were selected and sampled from the highest and most exposed part of the stand, in order to maximize the climatic signal embedded in the tree rings. The samples were processed through standard dendrochronological procedures. Anatomical analyses were carried out on 10 µm thick sections, which were digitized and analysed automatically using ROXAS software. Tracheid lumen area, theoretical hydraulic conductivity, and cell wall thickness, in particular, were analyzed and then correlated with several climatic variables (temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index - SPEI) at both monthly and seasonal resolutions. The results showed that both radial growth and xylem anatomical traits are influenced by summer climatic conditions, particularly by water deficit and drought severity. Years marked by particularly anomalous conditions, in terms of duration and intensity of heat waves and drought, revealed physiological responses indicative of an adaptive strategy to reduce the risk of embolism under water stress, though this came at the cost of reduced hydraulic conductivity and wood productivity. Intra-annual analyses highlighted that earlywood is more affected by the previous year's conditions and by late-winter and spring conditions of the current year, while latewood primarily reflects the trends of summer precipitation and temperatures in the current year. From an ecological perspective, the Fonte Abeti population, already characterized by limited spatial extent and some genetic fragmentation, risks becoming extremely vulnerable to future climate scenarios. This research confirms the value of dendroanatomy as a powerful tool for investigating tree responses to climate change with high detail, providing indicators sensitive to both short- and long-term variations and offering useful insights for forest management strategies aimed at mitigating the effects of climate change on forest ecosystems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87626