This study aims to analyse the linguistic functioning of slurs, or derogatory epithets, whose specific phenomenology distinguishes them from other vulgar or pejorative expressions. The work opens with a reflection on political correctness and freedom of speech, challenging the view of language as a merely descriptive tool and adopting instead a performative perspective, in which words actively shape social relationships and power dynamics. Starting from the definition of hate speech, the social and pragmatic impact of hateful language is examined, highlighting – also through empirical evidence and emblematic historical cases, such as the Rwandan genocide – its dehumanising effects, its capacity to activate widespread stereotypes, and its role in reinforcing prejudice. The thesis then moves to a more specific linguistic characterisation of slurs, understood as a subclass of pejoratives with specific features: the coexistence of both descriptive and evaluative content; the existence of neutral counterparts; and the phenomenon of appropriation. The theoretical core consists of a review of the main strategies for analysing the derogatory content of slurs, with particular attention to content-based approaches – both semantic (Hom, Jeshion, Croom) and pragmatic (Potts, Stalnaker, Langton) – as well as non-content-based models (Anderson & Lepore). These proposals are critically discussed, with attention to the main objections raised against each model. Finally, the theoretical distinction between offensiveness and denigration – as proposed in Simone Carrus’s doctoral thesis (2017) – is supported as a valuable interpretative tool for understanding how slurs function. To complement the theoretical section, a survey was designed to test the distinction between offensiveness and denigration. Participants were asked to evaluate the impact of slurs and neutral counterparts (e.g., “faggot,” “queer,” “homosexual”) presented in various communicative contexts, in order to distinguish the pragmatic component of offensiveness from the partially semantic nature of denigration. In line with Carrus’s dual theory, it is hypothesized that denigratory force remains stable even when perceived offensiveness varies.
La presente indagine si propone di analizzare il funzionamento linguistico degli slur, o epiteti denigratori, la cui fenomenologia li distingue da altre espressioni volgari o peggiorative. Il lavoro si apre con una riflessione sul politically correct e sulla libertà d’espressione, criticando l’idea del linguaggio come strumento meramente descrittivo e adottando una prospettiva performativa, in cui le parole contribuiscono a strutturare relazioni sociali e dinamiche di potere. A partire dalla definizione di hate speech, viene analizzato l’impatto sociale e pragmatico del linguaggio d’odio, evidenziandone – anche tramite evidenze empiriche e casi storici emblematici, come il genocidio ruandese – gli effetti disumanizzanti, la capacità di attivare stereotipi e il ruolo nel rafforzamento dei pregiudizi. La tesi entra poi nello specifico della definizione linguistica degli slur, intesi come sottoclasse dei peggiorativi, dotati di caratteristiche specifiche: la compresenza di contenuti sia descrittivi che valutativi; la presenza di controparti neutre; il fenomeno dell’appropriazione. Il nucleo teorico è costituito da una rassegna delle principali strategie di analisi del contenuto denigratorio degli slur, con particolare attenzione agli approcci content-based, sia semantici (Hom, Jeshion, Croom), che pragmatici (Potts, Stalnaker, Langton), nonché ai modelli non content-based (Anderson & Lepore): le proposte vengono discusse criticamente mettendo in evidenza le obiezioni mosse a tali modelli. Viene sostenuta, infine, la distinzione teorica tra offensività e denigrazione – proposta nella tesi di dottorato di Simone Carrus (2017) – come chiave interpretativa utile a chiarire il funzionamento degli slur. A completamento della parte teorica, è stato strutturato un sondaggio per testare la distinzione tra offensività e denigrazione: ai partecipanti è stato chiesto di valutare l’impatto di slur e controparti neutre (es. “frocio”, “finocchio”, “omosessuale”) inseriti in diversi contesti comunicativi, al fine di distinguere la componente pragmatica dell’offensività da quella, in parte semantica, della denigrazione. In linea con la tesi di Carrus, si ipotizza che la forza denigratoria rimanga stabile anche al variare dell’offensività percepita.
Slur e linguaggio d'odio: prospettive teoriche e sperimentali su offensività e denigrazione
OCCHIUZZI, AGNESE
2024/2025
Abstract
This study aims to analyse the linguistic functioning of slurs, or derogatory epithets, whose specific phenomenology distinguishes them from other vulgar or pejorative expressions. The work opens with a reflection on political correctness and freedom of speech, challenging the view of language as a merely descriptive tool and adopting instead a performative perspective, in which words actively shape social relationships and power dynamics. Starting from the definition of hate speech, the social and pragmatic impact of hateful language is examined, highlighting – also through empirical evidence and emblematic historical cases, such as the Rwandan genocide – its dehumanising effects, its capacity to activate widespread stereotypes, and its role in reinforcing prejudice. The thesis then moves to a more specific linguistic characterisation of slurs, understood as a subclass of pejoratives with specific features: the coexistence of both descriptive and evaluative content; the existence of neutral counterparts; and the phenomenon of appropriation. The theoretical core consists of a review of the main strategies for analysing the derogatory content of slurs, with particular attention to content-based approaches – both semantic (Hom, Jeshion, Croom) and pragmatic (Potts, Stalnaker, Langton) – as well as non-content-based models (Anderson & Lepore). These proposals are critically discussed, with attention to the main objections raised against each model. Finally, the theoretical distinction between offensiveness and denigration – as proposed in Simone Carrus’s doctoral thesis (2017) – is supported as a valuable interpretative tool for understanding how slurs function. To complement the theoretical section, a survey was designed to test the distinction between offensiveness and denigration. Participants were asked to evaluate the impact of slurs and neutral counterparts (e.g., “faggot,” “queer,” “homosexual”) presented in various communicative contexts, in order to distinguish the pragmatic component of offensiveness from the partially semantic nature of denigration. In line with Carrus’s dual theory, it is hypothesized that denigratory force remains stable even when perceived offensiveness varies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/87965