This study aims to explore and assess whether, and to what extent, the mere passive observation of a stressful situation can trigger a phenomenon of stress contagion in the observer. More specifically, possible synchrony in the stress response was psychophysiologically assessed through increases in cardiovascular parameters, such as heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), with a specific focus on the sdRR index. To this end, the experimental design involved pairs of participants (dyads), each composed of a Target - directly and actively exposed to stress - and an Observer - a figure providing passive social support, abstaining from any interaction with the other dyad member -.The stress-inducing protocol used was the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a well-established method for experimentally triggering acute stress. A total of 40 participants (24 males, mean age = 24.5 years) took part in the experiment and were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: the With Partner group, in which the Observer participated with their own partner, and the With Stranger group, in which the Observer was paired with an unfamiliar individual. The experimental task included four phases (Baseline, Anticipation, Speech, Recovery), each lasting 5 minutes. During these phases, both physiological measures (HR, HRV) and self-reported data on perceived stress (STAI) and anxiety (VAS) were collected, in order to assess possible contagion effects on the participants' affective experience. Post-hoc analyses revealed vicarious cardiovascular reactivity consistent with the phenomenon of stress contagion, particularly through increased heart rate and concurrent decreases in heart rate variability in Observers during the more stressful phases of the task (Anticipation and Speech). Furthermore, higher levels of affective empathy, measured using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), were associated with greater vicarious physiological reactivity (HRV) during the anticipation phase. However, analyses of subjective experience did not indicate a corresponding increase in self-reported levels of anxiety and stress, showing a significant effect only during the task phase. This contribution expands the current debate and literature on emotional contagion and the psychophysiological dynamics involved in the passive observation of socially stressful situations, supporting the existence of a dissociation between physiological (implicit) response and affective (explicit) awareness of stress within the phenomenon of stress contagion.
Il presente studio si propone di approfondire e testare se, e in che modo, la semplice osservazione passiva di una situazione stressante possa determinare un fenomeno di contagio dello stress nell’osservatore. Più precisamente, l’eventuale sincronia nella risposta da stress è stata associata, da un punto di vista psicofisiologico, a un incremento dei parametri cardiovascolari, come la frequenza cardiaca (HR) e la variabilità della frequenza cardiaca (HRV), con particolare riferimento all’indice sdRR. A tal fine, il disegno sperimentale ha previsto il coinvolgimento di una diade di partecipanti, i cui membri hanno ricoperto rispettivamente il ruolo di Target - esposto direttamente e attivamente allo stress - e di Observer - figura che assiste fornendo supporto sociale passivo, astenendosi da qualsiasi interazione con l’altro membro della diade - durante lo svolgimento di una procedura che induce stress acuto nei partecipanti: il Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Hanno preso parte all’esperimento un totale di 40 partecipanti (24 maschi, età media = 24,5 anni), assegnati in modo casuale a due gruppi sperimentali: il gruppo (With Partner), in cui l’Observer partecipa con il proprio partner, e il gruppo (With Stranger), in cui l’Observer è coinvolto con uno sconosciuto. Il compito sperimentale ha previsto quattro fasi (Baseline, Anticipation, Speech, Recovery), della durata di 5 minuti ciascuna, durante le quali sono state rilevate sia misure fisiologiche (HR, HRV) sia dati self-report relativi allo stress percepito (STAI) e all’ansia (VAS), al fine di includere eventuali effetti di contagio sull’esperienza affettiva dei partecipanti. Le analisi post-hoc evidenziano una reattività cardiovascolare vicaria compatibile con il fenomeno di contagio da stress, in particolare, attraverso l’incremento della frequenza cardiaca e la concomitante diminuzione della variabilità della frequenza cardiaca negli Observers durante le fasi più stressanti del compito (Anticipation e Speech). Inoltre, livelli più elevati di empatia affettiva, misurati tramite l'Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), si associano a una maggiore reattività fisiologica vicaria (HRV) nella fase di anticipazione. Tuttavia, le analisi dell’esperienza soggettiva non hanno rilevato un aumento parallelo nei livelli di ansia e stress auto-riportati, mostrando un effetto significativo esclusivamente nella fase del task. Il presente contributo amplia il dibattito e la letteratura sul contagio emotivo e sulle dinamiche psicofisiologiche implicate nell’osservazione passiva di situazioni socialmente stressanti, supportando l’esistenza di una dissociazione tra la risposta fisiologica (implicita) e la consapevolezza affettiva (esplicita) dello stato di stress all’interno del fenomeno di contagio da stress.
Contagio emotivo e stress vicario: analisi della reattività psicofisiologica durante l'osservazione di un compito da stress
MINUTI, LAURA
2024/2025
Abstract
This study aims to explore and assess whether, and to what extent, the mere passive observation of a stressful situation can trigger a phenomenon of stress contagion in the observer. More specifically, possible synchrony in the stress response was psychophysiologically assessed through increases in cardiovascular parameters, such as heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), with a specific focus on the sdRR index. To this end, the experimental design involved pairs of participants (dyads), each composed of a Target - directly and actively exposed to stress - and an Observer - a figure providing passive social support, abstaining from any interaction with the other dyad member -.The stress-inducing protocol used was the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), a well-established method for experimentally triggering acute stress. A total of 40 participants (24 males, mean age = 24.5 years) took part in the experiment and were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: the With Partner group, in which the Observer participated with their own partner, and the With Stranger group, in which the Observer was paired with an unfamiliar individual. The experimental task included four phases (Baseline, Anticipation, Speech, Recovery), each lasting 5 minutes. During these phases, both physiological measures (HR, HRV) and self-reported data on perceived stress (STAI) and anxiety (VAS) were collected, in order to assess possible contagion effects on the participants' affective experience. Post-hoc analyses revealed vicarious cardiovascular reactivity consistent with the phenomenon of stress contagion, particularly through increased heart rate and concurrent decreases in heart rate variability in Observers during the more stressful phases of the task (Anticipation and Speech). Furthermore, higher levels of affective empathy, measured using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), were associated with greater vicarious physiological reactivity (HRV) during the anticipation phase. However, analyses of subjective experience did not indicate a corresponding increase in self-reported levels of anxiety and stress, showing a significant effect only during the task phase. This contribution expands the current debate and literature on emotional contagion and the psychophysiological dynamics involved in the passive observation of socially stressful situations, supporting the existence of a dissociation between physiological (implicit) response and affective (explicit) awareness of stress within the phenomenon of stress contagion.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/88820