Storage of Hydrogen from an energetic point of view

As hydrogen gains global attention as a clean and versatile energy carrier, the challenge of its efficient storage remains a critical barrier to widespread implementation in both mobile and stationary applications. This thesis presents a comprehensive energetic and thermodynamic modelling study of the three primary hydrogen storage technologies: compressed hydrogen gas (CGH₂), liquid hydrogen (LH₂), and solid-state hydrogen storage (e.g., metal hydrides). The objective is to compare these storage methods from the standpoint of energy efficiency, volume and weight requirements, temporal storage losses, and suitability for specific applications. Mathematical models were developed using MATLAB to simulate the energy required for each storage pathway. The models also estimate tank volume and weight based on hydrogen density and tank material assumptions, and include time-based hydrogen losses using exponential decay to simulate leakage or boil-off behaviour. Each storage method is evaluated under unified conditions to ensure fair comparison. The performance metrics include specific energy input (kWh/kg H₂), volumetric and gravimetric storage densities, loss rates over time, and total system mass. The modelling also incorporates multi-stage compression with intercooling to assess its impact on reducing energy requirements for high-pressure hydrogen storage. Results indicate that each storage method presents distinct trade-offs. The study concludes by offering a modelling framework that supports the selection and design of hydrogen storage systems based on energetic performance, application-specific constraints, and realistic thermodynamic considerations.