Identification of Pigments on Ceramics from the Ánimas Altas Archaeological Complex, Paracas Culture (Peru, 300 BCE–50 CE)

This master thesis presents a multidisciplinary archaeometric analysis of 19 monochrome and polychrome ceramic sherds from the Ánimas Altas archaeological complex, Paracas culture (300 BCE–50 CE). This study was conducted as part of a double degree program between the University of Padova and Bordeaux Montaigne University. It combines colorimetry and hyperspectral imaging with analytical techniques including SEM-EDS, pXRF, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR to characterize the compositions of ceramic decorations and investigate their production technologies. Results show that monochrome decorations were applied before firing, whereas polychrome decorations were applied post-firing. Red, brown, and orange areas were found to contain red ochre (hematite); yellow and cream areas show presence of arsenic sulfides (orpiment); and black decorations showed evidence of amorphous carbon, manganese compounds, and indigo. Future research should include expanded use of advanced techniques such as mass spectrometry alongside a larger sample set and natural organic reference materials to better understand the provenance of pigments and the associated technological practices.