Valutazione in vitro degli effetti del timolo: nuove conoscenze derivanti dall'analisi trascrittomica

The use of natural compounds, such as essential oils (EOs) - secondary metabolites produced by aromatic plants - is receiving increasing attention as a promising alternative to antibiotics and antiparasitic drugs in animal husbandry. These compounds may contribute to preserving intestinal integrity and function while also helping to mitigate antimicrobial resistance and reduce the risk of drug residues in animal-derived food products. The intestine is an important barrier that regulates the absorption of nutrients and protects the body from pathogens. Maintaining intestinal health is therefore essential, particularly in animal farming, where enteric diseases are commonly managed with antimicrobial and antiparasitic drugs. In this context, the inclusion of EOs in animal feed has emerged as a potential natural strategy for supporting gut health and preventing disease. In line with the One Health concept, the use of EOs may therefore support more sustainable practices by addressing animal health, safeguarding consumer safety, and reducing environmental impact. Among EOs, thymol, a phenolic monoterpene derived from Thymus vulgaris (thyme), is known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Due to these bioactive features, thymol has attracted growing interest for potential applications in animal nutrition and health, particularly as a natural alternative to conventional antibiotics and antiparasitic agents. However, its molecular mechanisms of action at the intestinal level, as well as its potential cytotoxic effects, are still not fully understood. Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate the transcriptomic response of Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cell line-J2 (IPEC-J2) to three increasing sub-cytotoxic concentrations of thymol over a 48-hour exposure period, using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). IPEC-J2 are non-transformed epithelial cells, derived from the jejunum of a neonatal pig, which are widely acknowledged for their physiological relevance in studies involving monogastric species. RNA-seq offers a powerful tool for exploring the functions and dynamics of complex biological processes. In particular, this study aims to identify the biological pathways involved in the response to thymol exposure, which is essential for potential pharmaceutical and biomedical applications.