Closing the Loop in the Food Industry: Integrating Sustainability, Technology, and Innovation.

This research investigates how circular economy (CE) principles can reshape the agri-food sector by reducing waste, extending resource lifecycles, and generating value from by-products. Chapter 1 introduces the theoretical foundation of CE by reviewing key definitions and outlining its core principle and regulatory frameworks. It also highlights the relevance of CE for the food sector in the context of sustainability transitions. Chapter 2 focuses on the practical implementation of circular strategies, including food recovery, upcycling, circular packaging, and short supply chains, while identifying key actors across the food system and their roles in waste prevention and valorization. Chapter 3 examines how digital and smart technologies act as critical enablers of circular practices, with a specific focus on the agri-food sector. It analyzes the role of blockchain, digital product passports (DPPs), IoT, and AI in supporting traceability, transparency, efficient resource use, and data-driven decision-making. Chapter 4 presents an empirical overview, combining food waste analysis in Italy with a comparative assessment of technological solutions applied nationally and internationally. These include real-world applications of blockchain to enhance food system sustainability. The empirical analysis is based on document review, case study comparison, and the identification of enabling conditions and limitations. The findings reveal that integrating circular practices and emerging technologies can reduce environmental impact, support regulatory compliance, and unlock economic opportunities. Smart technologies are essential in bridging information gaps, enhancing collaboration, and building resilient, sustainable agri-food value chains.