Pregnancy is a period of profound physiological and psychological changes in a woman's life, with significant implications for both maternal and fetal health. In recent years, scientific interest in physical activity during pregnancy has grown considerably, supported by increasing evidence of its benefits across multiple aspects of health. This thesis aims to thoroughly analyze the effects of physical exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period, with a specific focus on comparing land-based and water-based training modalities. The first part reviews international guidelines on physical activity in pregnancy, outlining recommended frequencies, intensities, and exercise types. It also explores common barriers and motivational factors influencing adherence, emphasizing the need for proper education and professional support. The benefits of exercise in preventing common complications—such as gestational diabetes, hypertension, and excessive weight gain—are discussed, alongside its positive effects on cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and respiratory adaptations. A central section of the thesis compares aquatic and land-based exercise, highlighting research that shows distinct differences in effectiveness, tolerability, and participant preferences. Water-based activity is particularly advantageous in the third trimester, offering reduced joint impact and better thermoregulation. The final chapters focus on the postpartum period, addressing physical recovery, pelvic floor rehabilitation, and the prevention of postpartum depression. The thesis provides practical, evidence-based recommendations for personalized exercise programs, emphasizing the importance of adapting physical activity to each stage of pregnancy and postpartum recovery. In conclusion, physical exercise emerges as a key element in supporting maternal health throughout pregnancy and beyond. It promotes both physical and psychological well-being, contributes to better obstetric outcomes, and should be considered an essential component of perinatal care. By combining up-to-date scientific evidence with practical guidelines, this thesis advocates for a safe, individualized, and empowering approach to movement during one of the most transformative stages of a woman's life.
La gravidanza rappresenta un periodo di profondi cambiamenti fisiologici e psicologici nella vita della donna, con implicazioni significative per la salute materna e fetale. Negli ultimi anni, l’interesse scientifico verso l’attività fisica in gravidanza è cresciuto moltissimo, grazie all’accumulo di evidenze che hanno dimostrato i benefici su molteplici aspetti della salute. Questa tesi si propone di analizzare in modo approfondito gli effetti dell’esercizio fisico durante la gestazione e il post-partum, confrontando le modalità di allenamento svolte in acqua e in ambiente terrestre. Il lavoro inizia con una revisione delle principali linee guida internazionali sull’attività fisica in gravidanza, definendo frequenza, intensità e tipologie di esercizio raccomandate. Viene inoltre trattato il tema delle barriere e delle motivazioni che influenzano l’aderenza all’esercizio in gravidanza, evidenziando l’importanza della corretta informazione e del supporto professionale. La tesi approfondisce poi i benefici dell’attività fisica nel prevenire patologie comuni come il diabete gestazionale, l’ipertensione e l’eccessivo incremento ponderale, nonché nel migliorare la funzionalità cardiovascolare, muscolo-scheletrica e respiratoria. Una parte centrale del lavoro è dedicata al confronto tra esercizio svolto in acqua e a terra, con l’analisi di diversi studi che ne evidenziano differenze in termini di tollerabilità, efficacia e preferenze soggettive. L’acqua si è rivelata un ambiente particolarmente favorevole nel terzo trimestre, per il minor impatto articolare e il miglior controllo termico. Infine, viene trattata la prescrizione dell’esercizio per il post-partum, con attenzione al recupero del pavimento pelvico, alla prevenzione della depressione post-partum e al miglioramento del benessere generale. La tesi offre indicazioni pratiche per una programmazione dell’attività fisica personalizzata e basata sulle più recenti evidenze scientifiche, con l’obiettivo di promuovere un approccio attivo, consapevole e sicuro alla gravidanza.
Esercizio fisico in gravidanza: evidenze scientifiche, benefici e confronto tra modalità di allenamento in palestra e in acqua
ZORZI, BEATRICE
2024/2025
Abstract
Pregnancy is a period of profound physiological and psychological changes in a woman's life, with significant implications for both maternal and fetal health. In recent years, scientific interest in physical activity during pregnancy has grown considerably, supported by increasing evidence of its benefits across multiple aspects of health. This thesis aims to thoroughly analyze the effects of physical exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period, with a specific focus on comparing land-based and water-based training modalities. The first part reviews international guidelines on physical activity in pregnancy, outlining recommended frequencies, intensities, and exercise types. It also explores common barriers and motivational factors influencing adherence, emphasizing the need for proper education and professional support. The benefits of exercise in preventing common complications—such as gestational diabetes, hypertension, and excessive weight gain—are discussed, alongside its positive effects on cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and respiratory adaptations. A central section of the thesis compares aquatic and land-based exercise, highlighting research that shows distinct differences in effectiveness, tolerability, and participant preferences. Water-based activity is particularly advantageous in the third trimester, offering reduced joint impact and better thermoregulation. The final chapters focus on the postpartum period, addressing physical recovery, pelvic floor rehabilitation, and the prevention of postpartum depression. The thesis provides practical, evidence-based recommendations for personalized exercise programs, emphasizing the importance of adapting physical activity to each stage of pregnancy and postpartum recovery. In conclusion, physical exercise emerges as a key element in supporting maternal health throughout pregnancy and beyond. It promotes both physical and psychological well-being, contributes to better obstetric outcomes, and should be considered an essential component of perinatal care. By combining up-to-date scientific evidence with practical guidelines, this thesis advocates for a safe, individualized, and empowering approach to movement during one of the most transformative stages of a woman's life.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/90098