The genus Aeromonas encompasses ubiquitous Gram-negative bacteria, historically recognized as pathogens of poikilothermic organisms but now firmly established as clinically relevant human pathogens capable of causing a wide spectrum of infections, ranging from gastroenteritis to sepsis, even in immunocompetent individuals. The taxonomic complexity of the genus, combined with the limitations of conventional phenotypic methods, renders species-level identification particularly challenging, underscoring the need for high-resolution molecular approaches. The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and characterize clinical strains of Aeromonas spp. obtained from stool cultures, with the dual aim of refining species-level classification and assessing pathogenic potential. Preliminary identification was performed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, followed by molecular characterization through amplification and sequencing of the rpoB gene, enabling the reconstruction of accurate phylogenetic profiles. In parallel, in vitro models were employed, including Caco-2 intestinal epithelial monolayers grown on Transwell inserts to evaluate epithelial barrier disruption, and human intestinal organoid-derived enterocytes to quantify the inflammatory response through IL-6 production. Results revealed a marked discrepancy between identification methods: rpoB sequencing uncovered a broader species diversity and corrected misclassifications generated by MALDI-TOF, demonstrating its superior discriminatory power. Moreover, rpoB sequence analysis identified species-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in A. veronii, A. dhakensis, and A. caviae, highlighting their potential as diagnostic markers for rapid differentiation. Phenotypic assays confirmed distinct pathogenicity profiles. A. dhakensis induced a pronounced decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Caco-2 monolayers, consistent with substantial epithelial barrier disruption, whereas A. rivipollensis displayed lower damaging capacity, even compared with A. caviae. Additionally, Aeromonas isolates, particularly A. rivipollensis, stimulated IL-6 secretion in human colon organoids, supporting their ability to trigger pro-inflammatory responses. Taken together, these findings emphasize the critical importance of accurate species-level identification for targeted clinical management and for advancing the understanding of the diverse pathogenic mechanisms associated with Aeromonas infections.
Il genere Aeromonas comprende batteri Gram-negativi ubiquitari, storicamente riconosciuti come patogeni per organismi a sangue freddo, ma ormai affermati come rilevanti patogeni umani in grado di causare un ampio spettro di infezioni, dalle gastroenteriti alle sepsi, anche in soggetti immunocompetenti. La complessità tassonomica e i limiti dei metodi fenotipici tradizionali rendono l'identificazione a livello di specie una sfida significativa, enfatizzando la necessità di approcci molecolari ad alta risoluzione. Scopo di questo lavoro è stato quello di isolare, identificare e caratterizzare ceppi clinici di Aeromonas spp. provenienti da coprocolture, al fine di approfondirne l’identità a livello di specie e valutarne il potenziale patogeno, mediante un'identificazione preliminare con spettrometria di massa (MALDI-TOF) seguita da un'analisi molecolare basata sull'amplificazione e sequenziamento del gene rpoB, per ottenere un profilo filogenetico accurato. Contestualmente, sono stati impiegati modelli in vitro, quali: monostrati di cellule epiteliali intestinali Caco-2 cresciuti su Transwell per la valutazione del danno alla barriera epiteliale ed enterociti derivati da organoidi intestinali umani per la quantificazione della risposta infiammatoria (produzione di IL-6).I risultati hanno evidenziato una significativa discrepanza tra i metodi di identificazione, con il sequenziamento del gene rpoB che ha rivelato una maggiore diversità di specie e corretto le identificazioni errate ottenute con il MALDI-TOF, dimostrando la sua superiore capacità risolutiva. L'analisi delle sequenze di rpoB ha inoltre permesso di identificare polimorfismi a singolo nucleotide (SNP) specie-specifici in A. veronii, A. dhakensis e A. caviae, suggerendo il loro potenziale come marcatori diagnostici per una più rapida differenziazione. Le analisi fenotipiche hanno confermato profili di patogenicità differenziati. A. dhakensis ha indotto una marcata riduzione della resistenza elettrica transepiteliale (TEER) nelle cellule Caco-2, indicando una compromissione significativa della barriera epiteliale, mentre A. rivipollensis ha mostrato una capacità di danno inferiore anche rispetto a d A. caviae. Gli isolati di Aeromonas, in particolare A. rivipollensis, hanno inoltre stimolato la produzione di IL-6 negli organoidi di colon umano, evidenziando la loro capacità di indurre una risposta infiammatoria. Complessivamente, lo studio sottolinea l'importanza di un'identificazione accurata a livello di specie per una gestione clinica mirata e per comprendere appieno i diversi meccanismi patogenetici associati alle infezioni dalle diverse Aeromonas spp.
Analisi filogenetica e studio dell'attività infiammatoria di Aeromonas spp. isolate da coprocoltura
CONDORELLI, ALESSANDRO
2024/2025
Abstract
The genus Aeromonas encompasses ubiquitous Gram-negative bacteria, historically recognized as pathogens of poikilothermic organisms but now firmly established as clinically relevant human pathogens capable of causing a wide spectrum of infections, ranging from gastroenteritis to sepsis, even in immunocompetent individuals. The taxonomic complexity of the genus, combined with the limitations of conventional phenotypic methods, renders species-level identification particularly challenging, underscoring the need for high-resolution molecular approaches. The objective of this study was to isolate, identify, and characterize clinical strains of Aeromonas spp. obtained from stool cultures, with the dual aim of refining species-level classification and assessing pathogenic potential. Preliminary identification was performed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, followed by molecular characterization through amplification and sequencing of the rpoB gene, enabling the reconstruction of accurate phylogenetic profiles. In parallel, in vitro models were employed, including Caco-2 intestinal epithelial monolayers grown on Transwell inserts to evaluate epithelial barrier disruption, and human intestinal organoid-derived enterocytes to quantify the inflammatory response through IL-6 production. Results revealed a marked discrepancy between identification methods: rpoB sequencing uncovered a broader species diversity and corrected misclassifications generated by MALDI-TOF, demonstrating its superior discriminatory power. Moreover, rpoB sequence analysis identified species-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in A. veronii, A. dhakensis, and A. caviae, highlighting their potential as diagnostic markers for rapid differentiation. Phenotypic assays confirmed distinct pathogenicity profiles. A. dhakensis induced a pronounced decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) in Caco-2 monolayers, consistent with substantial epithelial barrier disruption, whereas A. rivipollensis displayed lower damaging capacity, even compared with A. caviae. Additionally, Aeromonas isolates, particularly A. rivipollensis, stimulated IL-6 secretion in human colon organoids, supporting their ability to trigger pro-inflammatory responses. Taken together, these findings emphasize the critical importance of accurate species-level identification for targeted clinical management and for advancing the understanding of the diverse pathogenic mechanisms associated with Aeromonas infections.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/91310