Seasonal reproductive aggregations of stingrays (Dasyatis spp.) in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area

Cartilaginous fishes, particularly batoids, are declining globally due to overfishing and habitat loss, reflecting their vulnerability as K-selected species. In the Mediterranean, Dasyatis pastinaca is "Vulnerable" and D. marmorata is "Data Deficient." This study aimed to fill knowledge gaps on their distribution, reproduction, and conservation in Cyprus by investigating reproductive aggregations within a shallow Marine Protected Area (MPA). Fieldwork took place from March to July 2025 in the Amathounta MPA, a shallow site (2.5–5.6 m) with Posidonia oceanica meadows and artificial reefs. Data were collected via snorkeling surveys along five fixed transects (7,000 m²), with stingrays photographed, filmed, and size-estimated. Observations were supplemented by citizen science records (MECO project, 2014–2025). Recorded data included sex, size, aggregation details, and behavior. A total of 254 sightings were recorded, with peaks in May (n = 139) and June (n = 98). Females dominated (73.6%), and 83.4% of identified females showed signs of late-stage pregnancy. Juveniles appeared mostly in June. Rays showed strong habitat preference for sandy substrates (96.9%) near P. oceanica. Females mainly rested (86%), while males were more active. Courtship was observed twice and reported six times through citizen science. Aggregations (≥2 individuals) were common (38.2%), mostly involving pregnant females. Females were significantly larger than males. A strong non-linear effect of temperature was found, with peak sightings at ~21.5°C (range: 20.3–23.8°C). These findings indicate reproductive activity as the main driver of stingray aggregations in early summer. The site likely serves as a seasonal reproductive area, highlighting the MPA’s role in protecting critical life stages. Targeted seasonal management, ecotourism promotion, and public awareness, alongside broader protection beyond current MPA boundaries, are essential for effective conservation.