Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of brain damage and one of the primary reasons for hospital admissions. It also represents one of the main causes of mortality in Western societies, with an incidence ranging between one-quarter and one-third of all trauma-related deaths. Due to these severe consequences, TBI has increasingly attracted the interest of the scientific community, which has aimed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the onset of the pathology and its consequences, with the goal of reducing its negative effects and adverse outcomes. Research into the mechanisms underlying TBI has led, over the years, to the development of increasingly advanced and effective protective equipment and devices. In this context, the present work is situated as part of a long-term research activity conducted at the Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), aimed at designing and developing human head prototypes that are as biofidelic as possible, both in terms of geometry and mechanical response, and equipped with various sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, and pressure sensors) to acquire data during impact tests. The design of a prototype capable of providing results that closely replicate real conditions is extremely complex, starting from the selection of materials. Biological tissues exhibit mechanical properties that are highly diverse and difficult to replicate using metals or polymers. Moreover, a material that has mechanical properties similar to biological tissues may not exhibit comparable density, resulting in a prototype that, although similar in shape to a human head, is significantly lighter or heavier. Therefore, the realization of these prototypes entails a considerable investment of time, resources, and costs, requiring the use of 3D printing techniques and the manufacturing of certain components in university workshops. For these reasons, the physical prototype is accompanied by a finite element model, which facilitates the study by providing preliminary results without the immediate need for the physical prototype and allows the validation of tests by comparing the results obtained from the physical and numerical models. The work described in this thesis concerns the prototyping of the physical head model. Initially, STL files of the prototype components were pre-processed using Autodesk Meshmixer software and subsequently imported into Autodesk Fusion 360 for CAD design. After resolving issues within the mesh files that prevented solidification in Fusion 360 (a necessary step for conducting numerical modeling), a comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine the average position of the human head’s center of mass and its average mass. Design operations were then performed, including the creation of inserts for weighting the skull and designing appropriate spaces within the dental arches to allow for the insertion of a sensorized mouthguard, which will be used in future studies. Further modifications were made to the CAD model of the prototype’s skin, which exhibited non-uniform thickness, and new molds were designed for its casting. Finally, the completed CAD model was imported into Dassault Systèmes’ Abaqus FEA software for setting up the finite element analysis. Future developments of this work will involve conducting impact tests on the physical prototype, performing simulations on the numerical model, and executing the validation phase through comparison of the results obtained from both approaches.
Il trauma cranico rappresenta una delle principali cause di danno cerebrale, nonché uno dei motivi più frequenti di ricovero ospedaliero. Costituisce inoltre una delle principali cause di mortalità nelle società occidentali, con un’incidenza che varia tra un quarto e un terzo di tutte le morti traumatiche. A causa delle gravi conseguenze associate, il trauma cranico ha progressivamente suscitato un crescente interesse da parte della comunità scientifica, che si è posta l’obiettivo di approfondire i meccanismi coinvolti nella genesi della patologia e delle sue conseguenze, al fine di ridurre gli effetti negativi e gli esiti infausti correlati. La ricerca volta alla comprensione dei meccanismi alla base del trauma cranico ha condotto, nel corso degli anni, allo sviluppo di indumenti e dispositivi di protezione sempre più avanzati ed efficaci. In tale contesto si inserisce il presente lavoro, parte di un’attività di ricerca a lungo termine condotta presso il Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale (DII), volta alla progettazione e realizzazione di prototipi di modelli di testa umana che siano il più possibile biofedeli, sia dal punto di vista geometrico sia in termini di risposta meccanica, e che siano dotati di sensori (accelerometri, giroscopi e sensori di pressione) per l’acquisizione dei dati durante le prove d’impatto. La progettazione di un prototipo in grado di restituire risultati quanto più prossimi alla realtà risulta estremamente complessa, a partire dalla selezione dei materiali. I tessuti biologici, infatti, presentano proprietà meccaniche molto diverse tra loro e difficilmente replicabili mediante l’impiego di metalli o polimeri. Inoltre, un materiale che presenti caratteristiche meccaniche affini a quelle dei tessuti biologici potrebbe non possedere una densità analoga, comportando la realizzazione di un prototipo che, pur simile a una testa umana in termini di forma, risulti significativamente più leggero o più pesante. La realizzazione dei prototipi comporta quindi un notevole dispendio di tempo, risorse e costi, richiedendo l’utilizzo di tecniche di stampa 3D e la modellazione di alcune componenti presso le officine universitarie. Per tali motivi, al modello fisico viene affiancato un modello agli elementi finiti, che consente di agevolare lo studio fornendo risultati preliminari senza la necessità immediata del prototipo fisico e permette di validare i test comparando i risultati ottenuti con i due modelli, fisico e numerico. Il lavoro descritto in questa tesi riguarda la prototipazione del modello fisico della testa. In una fase iniziale, i file STL delle componenti del prototipo sono stati pre-elaborati utilizzando il software Autodesk Meshmixer e successivamente importati in Autodesk Fusion 360 per la progettazione CAD. Dopo la risoluzione delle problematiche relative alle mesh, che ne impedivano la solidificazione all’interno di Fusion 360 (passaggio necessario per l’elaborazione del modello numerico), è stato condotto uno studio approfondito della letteratura per identificare la posizione media del centro di massa e la massa media di una testa umana. Sono quindi state effettuate operazioni di progettazione che hanno previsto la creazione di inserti per la zavorratura del cranio e di spazi appositi nelle arcate dentali per l’inserimento di un paradenti sensorizzato, utile per studi futuri. Ulteriori modifiche hanno riguardato il modello CAD della pelle del prototipo preesistente, il quale presentava uno spessore disomogeneo, procedendo alla progettazione di nuovi stampi per la sua colatura. Infine, il modello CAD definitivo è stato importato nel software Abaqus FEA di Dassault Systèmes per l’impostazione dell’analisi agli elementi finiti. Gli sviluppi futuri del presente lavoro prevedono l’esecuzione di prove d’impatto sul modello fisico, l’esecuzione delle simulazioni sul modello numerico complessivo e la successiva fase di validazione.
Design and prototyping of an improved instrumented human head replica
SARCHI, ELISA
2024/2025
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of brain damage and one of the primary reasons for hospital admissions. It also represents one of the main causes of mortality in Western societies, with an incidence ranging between one-quarter and one-third of all trauma-related deaths. Due to these severe consequences, TBI has increasingly attracted the interest of the scientific community, which has aimed to investigate the mechanisms involved in the onset of the pathology and its consequences, with the goal of reducing its negative effects and adverse outcomes. Research into the mechanisms underlying TBI has led, over the years, to the development of increasingly advanced and effective protective equipment and devices. In this context, the present work is situated as part of a long-term research activity conducted at the Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), aimed at designing and developing human head prototypes that are as biofidelic as possible, both in terms of geometry and mechanical response, and equipped with various sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, and pressure sensors) to acquire data during impact tests. The design of a prototype capable of providing results that closely replicate real conditions is extremely complex, starting from the selection of materials. Biological tissues exhibit mechanical properties that are highly diverse and difficult to replicate using metals or polymers. Moreover, a material that has mechanical properties similar to biological tissues may not exhibit comparable density, resulting in a prototype that, although similar in shape to a human head, is significantly lighter or heavier. Therefore, the realization of these prototypes entails a considerable investment of time, resources, and costs, requiring the use of 3D printing techniques and the manufacturing of certain components in university workshops. For these reasons, the physical prototype is accompanied by a finite element model, which facilitates the study by providing preliminary results without the immediate need for the physical prototype and allows the validation of tests by comparing the results obtained from the physical and numerical models. The work described in this thesis concerns the prototyping of the physical head model. Initially, STL files of the prototype components were pre-processed using Autodesk Meshmixer software and subsequently imported into Autodesk Fusion 360 for CAD design. After resolving issues within the mesh files that prevented solidification in Fusion 360 (a necessary step for conducting numerical modeling), a comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine the average position of the human head’s center of mass and its average mass. Design operations were then performed, including the creation of inserts for weighting the skull and designing appropriate spaces within the dental arches to allow for the insertion of a sensorized mouthguard, which will be used in future studies. Further modifications were made to the CAD model of the prototype’s skin, which exhibited non-uniform thickness, and new molds were designed for its casting. Finally, the completed CAD model was imported into Dassault Systèmes’ Abaqus FEA software for setting up the finite element analysis. Future developments of this work will involve conducting impact tests on the physical prototype, performing simulations on the numerical model, and executing the validation phase through comparison of the results obtained from both approaches.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Sarchi_Elisa.pdf
accesso aperto
Dimensione
12.23 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
12.23 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
The text of this website © Università degli studi di Padova. Full Text are published under a non-exclusive license. Metadata are under a CC0 License
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/93463