This thesis addresses the issue of liquidity risk in the banking system, analyzing its theoretical dimensions, regulatory evolution, management tools, and practical implications through the case study of Northern Rock. The 2007–2008 financial crisis demonstrated that a bank’s stability cannot be assessed solely on the basis of capital adequacy or asset quality, but must also include the ability to meet short-term obligations and to ensure operational continuity under stress scenarios. The first chapter introduces the concept of bank liquidity and distinguishes between funding liquidity risk, related to the difficulty of raising funds, and market liquidity risk, concerning the possibility of liquidating assets without incurring significant losses. The multidimensional nature of liquidity risk is highlighted, along with its interconnections with other risk profiles such as credit, interest rate, operational, and reputational risk. The main measurement approaches are also presented: stock-based, cash-flow, and hybrid. The second part reviews the evolution of international regulation. While Basel I and II largely neglected liquidity risk, the 2007–2008 crisis pushed the Basel Committee to introduce specific quantitative standards under Basel III: the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR), requiring banks to hold high-quality liquid assets to cover net outflows over a 30-day stress period, and the Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR), aimed at promoting a stable funding structure in the medium to long term. These indicators marked a shift from a qualitative approach to a prescriptive and measurable framework. The third chapter examines internal managerial practices for liquidity risk management: governance, stress testing, contingency funding plans, and disclosure obligations. Stress tests allow banks to simulate adverse scenarios and identify vulnerabilities; contingency plans provide operational tools to react quickly to sudden crises; transparency and strong governance structures help preserve the confidence of markets and stakeholders. The fourth chapter explores the phenomenon of bank runs, which represent the most immediate and destabilizing manifestation of liquidity risk. The analysis outlines their causes and dynamics, emphasizing the central role of depositor confidence. Prevention tools include deposit insurance and the role of central banks as Lenders of Last Resort. While essential to curb panic, these mechanisms carry risks of moral hazard and raise delicate policy issues. The empirical part focuses on the Northern Rock case, a British bank that, despite being formally solvent, was struck in 2007 by a severe liquidity crisis culminating in a bank run. The institution’s reliance on wholesale funding and mortgage securitization made it highly vulnerable to market shutdowns. The extraordinary intervention of the Bank of England and the subsequent nationalization exposed the weaknesses of the UK supervisory model and the risks tied to overly concentrated funding strategies. The case study provides lessons both at the regulatory level, with the introduction of new international liquidity standards, and at the managerial level, underscoring the importance of funding diversification and transparent communication.
La tesi affronta il tema del rischio di liquidità nel sistema bancario, analizzandone le dimensioni teoriche, l’evoluzione regolamentare, gli strumenti di gestione e le implicazioni pratiche attraverso il caso Northern Rock. La crisi finanziaria del 2007-2008 ha mostrato come la stabilità di una banca non possa essere valutata solo in termini di capitale o qualità degli attivi, ma debba includere la capacità di adempiere agli impegni a breve termine e di garantire continuità operativa in scenari di stress. Il primo capitolo introduce il concetto di liquidità bancaria e distingue tra funding liquidity risk, legato alla difficoltà di reperire fondi, e market liquidity risk, connesso alla possibilità di smobilizzare attività senza perdite rilevanti. Viene evidenziata la natura multidimensionale del rischio e la sua interrelazione con altri profili, come credito, tasso di interesse, operativo e reputazionale. Sono inoltre presentati i principali approcci di misurazione: stock-based, cash-flow e ibrido. La seconda parte ripercorre l’evoluzione della regolamentazione internazionale. Mentre Basilea I e II hanno trascurato il rischio di liquidità, la crisi del 2007-2008 ha spinto il Comitato di Basilea a introdurre con Basilea III strumenti quantitativi specifici: il Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR), che impone il mantenimento di attività liquide di alta qualità per coprire deflussi netti di 30 giorni, e il Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR), che mira a incentivare una struttura di finanziamento stabile nel medio-lungo termine. Questi indici hanno segnato il passaggio da un approccio qualitativo a uno prescrittivo e misurabile. Il terzo capitolo analizza le pratiche manageriali interne di gestione del rischio di liquidità: la governance, gli stress test, i contingency funding plans e gli obblighi di disclosure. Gli stress test consentono di simulare scenari avversi e individuare vulnerabilità; i piani di emergenza forniscono strumenti operativi per reagire a crisi improvvise; la trasparenza informativa e un solido assetto di governance rafforzano la fiducia di mercato e stakeholder. Il quarto capitolo tratta il fenomeno dei bank runs, che rappresentano l’espressione più immediata e destabilizzante del rischio di liquidità. L’analisi ne descrive cause e dinamiche, evidenziando come la fiducia giochi un ruolo decisivo. Strumenti di prevenzione sono l’assicurazione dei depositi e il ruolo delle banche centrali come Lender of Last Resort. Pur essendo essenziali per contenere il panico, questi meccanismi presentano rischi di moral hazard e pongono questioni di policy rilevanti. La parte empirica è dedicata al caso Northern Rock, banca britannica che, pur essendo formalmente solvibile, è stata colpita nel 2007 da una crisi di liquidità culminata in una corsa agli sportelli. La dipendenza dal funding all’ingrosso e dalla cartolarizzazione dei mutui ha reso l’istituto particolarmente esposto al blocco dei mercati. L’intervento straordinario della Bank of England e la successiva nazionalizzazione hanno evidenziato i limiti del modello di vigilanza britannico e i rischi legati a strategie di finanziamento troppo concentrate. L’analisi consente di trarre insegnamenti sia sul piano regolamentare, con l’introduzione di nuovi standard internazionali, sia su quello manageriale, sottolineando l’importanza della diversificazione delle fonti e di una comunicazione trasparente.
Liquidity Risk in the Banking System: Management Tools, Regulation, and the Northern Rock Case
GIRARDI, GABRIELE
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis addresses the issue of liquidity risk in the banking system, analyzing its theoretical dimensions, regulatory evolution, management tools, and practical implications through the case study of Northern Rock. The 2007–2008 financial crisis demonstrated that a bank’s stability cannot be assessed solely on the basis of capital adequacy or asset quality, but must also include the ability to meet short-term obligations and to ensure operational continuity under stress scenarios. The first chapter introduces the concept of bank liquidity and distinguishes between funding liquidity risk, related to the difficulty of raising funds, and market liquidity risk, concerning the possibility of liquidating assets without incurring significant losses. The multidimensional nature of liquidity risk is highlighted, along with its interconnections with other risk profiles such as credit, interest rate, operational, and reputational risk. The main measurement approaches are also presented: stock-based, cash-flow, and hybrid. The second part reviews the evolution of international regulation. While Basel I and II largely neglected liquidity risk, the 2007–2008 crisis pushed the Basel Committee to introduce specific quantitative standards under Basel III: the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR), requiring banks to hold high-quality liquid assets to cover net outflows over a 30-day stress period, and the Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR), aimed at promoting a stable funding structure in the medium to long term. These indicators marked a shift from a qualitative approach to a prescriptive and measurable framework. The third chapter examines internal managerial practices for liquidity risk management: governance, stress testing, contingency funding plans, and disclosure obligations. Stress tests allow banks to simulate adverse scenarios and identify vulnerabilities; contingency plans provide operational tools to react quickly to sudden crises; transparency and strong governance structures help preserve the confidence of markets and stakeholders. The fourth chapter explores the phenomenon of bank runs, which represent the most immediate and destabilizing manifestation of liquidity risk. The analysis outlines their causes and dynamics, emphasizing the central role of depositor confidence. Prevention tools include deposit insurance and the role of central banks as Lenders of Last Resort. While essential to curb panic, these mechanisms carry risks of moral hazard and raise delicate policy issues. The empirical part focuses on the Northern Rock case, a British bank that, despite being formally solvent, was struck in 2007 by a severe liquidity crisis culminating in a bank run. The institution’s reliance on wholesale funding and mortgage securitization made it highly vulnerable to market shutdowns. The extraordinary intervention of the Bank of England and the subsequent nationalization exposed the weaknesses of the UK supervisory model and the risks tied to overly concentrated funding strategies. The case study provides lessons both at the regulatory level, with the introduction of new international liquidity standards, and at the managerial level, underscoring the importance of funding diversification and transparent communication.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/94769