This dissertation explores the symbolic uses of the animal in French literature through two key works: Fables by Jean de La Fontaine and Bestiaire ou Cortège d’Orphée by Guillaume Apollinaire. Far from serving as a mere narrative device or moral mask, the animal emerges as an ambivalent figure whose textual presence constantly blurs the boundary between surface meaning and deeper interpretation. Neither fixed allegory nor transparent metaphor, it shifts from one role to another, by turns familiar, uncanny, playful, or solemn, and it is precisely this instability that makes it a revealing index of the tensions at play in human discourses on the living. The study opens with a reading of Derrida’s The Animal That Therefore I Am, positioning the animal not as a simple external other, but as a site of instability within the construction of subjectivity and language. This theoretical foundation is extended by a diachronic overview of the animal figure, from mythical zoologies of Antiquity to medieval moralization, through humanist reinterpretations and modern hybridizations in the nineteenth century. This trajectory allows the two literary works to be situated within a shifting genealogy of the symbolic imagination of the living. In La Fontaine’s work, the animal draws from a heterogeneous repertoire, from Aesop to Rabelais, and takes on varied symbolic functions that cannot be reduced to a single moral or allegorical model. In several fables, irony, tonal shifts, and narrative rupture enable the animal to generate multiple, at times unstable or contradictory readings. Apollinaire’s Bestiaire extends this tension into a distinctly modern register. Through brevity, juxtaposition, humor, and the symbolic density of its images, he composes a poetic procession in which each animal functions as an autonomous poetic unit. Inspired by the Orphic myth, the collection oscillates between classical heritage and avant-garde experimentation, between compressed lyricism and playful disruption. While cosmic harmony is no longer an explicit horizon, it remains subtly present, in rhythm, in allusion, or in underlying compositional gestures, within the very structure of formal discontinuity. Finally, the iconographic analysis of François Chauveau’s engravings for La Fontaine and Raoul Dufy’s linocuts for Apollinaire extends this reflection on the symbolic scope of the animal. Far from passively illustrating the text, the image acts as counterpoint, variation, or displacement, enriching, reframing, or at times contradicting the meaning suggested by the text. In this way, it plays a full part in constructing a complex symbolic system, at the intersection of two languages.
Ce mémoire interroge les usages symboliques de l’animal dans la littérature française à partir de deux ouvrages : les Fables de Jean de La Fontaine et le Bestiaire ou Cortège d’Orphée de Guillaume Apollinaire. Loin d’être un simple prétexte narratif ou un masque moral, l’animal y apparaît comme une figure ambivalente, dont la présence textuelle brouille constamment la frontière entre le sens apparent et le sens caché. Ni allégorie figée, ni métaphore transparente, il glisse d’un rôle à l’autre, tour à tour familier, étrange, drôle ou grave, et c’est cette instabilité qui en fait un révélateur des tensions à l’œuvre dans les discours humains sur le vivant. L’étude s’ouvre sur une lecture de Derrida, en particulier L’Animal que donc je suis, afin de situer l’animal non comme une simple altérité, mais comme un point d’instabilité dans la construction du sujet et du langage. Cette base théorique est prolongée par un parcours diachronique de la figure animale, de la zoologie mythique de l’Antiquité à la moralisation médiévale, des reprises humanistes aux hybridations modernes du XIXe siècle. Ce cheminement permet de replacer les textes étudiés dans une généalogie mouvante des imaginaires du vivant. Chez La Fontaine, l’animal emprunte à un répertoire hétérogène, d’Ésope à Rabelais, et se trouve investi de fonctions symboliques variées, qui ne se réduisent pas à un seul modèle moral ou allégorique. Dans plusieurs fables, le recours à l’ironie, au décalage de ton ou à des effets de rupture narrative permet à l’animal de produire une pluralité de lectures, parfois instables, parfois contradictoires. Le Bestiaire d’Apollinaire prolonge cette tension sous une forme résolument moderne. Par la brièveté, la juxtaposition, l’humour et la charge symboliste des images, il compose un cortège animalier où chaque figure agit comme unité poétique autonome. Inspiré du mythe orphique, le recueil oscille entre héritage antique et éclats d’avant-garde, entre lyrisme condensé et jeux de rupture. Si l’harmonie cosmique n’y est plus un horizon explicite, elle subsiste parfois sous forme d’allusion, de rythme ou de composition implicite, au sein même de la discontinuité formelle. Enfin, l’analyse iconographique, portant sur les gravures de François Chauveau pour La Fontaine et sur les linogravures de Raoul Dufy pour Apollinaire, prolonge cette réflexion sur la portée symbolique de l’animal. Loin d’illustrer passivement le texte, l’image intervient comme contrepoint, comme variation ou comme déplacement, en venant enrichir, reformuler ou parfois contredire le sens que le texte suggère. Elle participe ainsi pleinement à la construction d’un symbolisme animalier complexe, à la croisée de deux langages.
Bestiaires en vers et en images : le symbolisme animalier dans les Fables de La Fontaine et le Bestiaire d'Apollinaire
BELLIN, EMANUELE
2024/2025
Abstract
This dissertation explores the symbolic uses of the animal in French literature through two key works: Fables by Jean de La Fontaine and Bestiaire ou Cortège d’Orphée by Guillaume Apollinaire. Far from serving as a mere narrative device or moral mask, the animal emerges as an ambivalent figure whose textual presence constantly blurs the boundary between surface meaning and deeper interpretation. Neither fixed allegory nor transparent metaphor, it shifts from one role to another, by turns familiar, uncanny, playful, or solemn, and it is precisely this instability that makes it a revealing index of the tensions at play in human discourses on the living. The study opens with a reading of Derrida’s The Animal That Therefore I Am, positioning the animal not as a simple external other, but as a site of instability within the construction of subjectivity and language. This theoretical foundation is extended by a diachronic overview of the animal figure, from mythical zoologies of Antiquity to medieval moralization, through humanist reinterpretations and modern hybridizations in the nineteenth century. This trajectory allows the two literary works to be situated within a shifting genealogy of the symbolic imagination of the living. In La Fontaine’s work, the animal draws from a heterogeneous repertoire, from Aesop to Rabelais, and takes on varied symbolic functions that cannot be reduced to a single moral or allegorical model. In several fables, irony, tonal shifts, and narrative rupture enable the animal to generate multiple, at times unstable or contradictory readings. Apollinaire’s Bestiaire extends this tension into a distinctly modern register. Through brevity, juxtaposition, humor, and the symbolic density of its images, he composes a poetic procession in which each animal functions as an autonomous poetic unit. Inspired by the Orphic myth, the collection oscillates between classical heritage and avant-garde experimentation, between compressed lyricism and playful disruption. While cosmic harmony is no longer an explicit horizon, it remains subtly present, in rhythm, in allusion, or in underlying compositional gestures, within the very structure of formal discontinuity. Finally, the iconographic analysis of François Chauveau’s engravings for La Fontaine and Raoul Dufy’s linocuts for Apollinaire extends this reflection on the symbolic scope of the animal. Far from passively illustrating the text, the image acts as counterpoint, variation, or displacement, enriching, reframing, or at times contradicting the meaning suggested by the text. In this way, it plays a full part in constructing a complex symbolic system, at the intersection of two languages.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/95053