This thesis focuses on the chemical recycling of flexible polyurethane foams, a widely used material that is difficult to dispose of. The main goal was to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining new polyols from waste foams and to reuse them for the production of new foams with mechanical properties comparable to those of the original material. Three different recycling approaches were investigated: glycolysis, acidolysis, and aminolysis. During the glycolysis experiments, several glycols such as diethylene glycol (DEG) and dipropylene glycol (DPG) were tested, while in the acidolysis reactions different mono- and dicarboxylic acids were employed. Both methods proved unsuccessful, as they led to non-homogeneous products and difficulties in phase separation. The aminolysis route, on the other hand, showed more promising results. Initially, hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and diethanolamine (DEA) were used, but these reactions resulted in a high content of free aromatic amines (TDA), formed from the conversion of TDI isocyanates originally present in the foam. Toluene diamines (TDA) are toxic and potentially carcinogenic compounds, making them unsuitable for the production of new polyurethane materials. To overcome this issue, dibutylamine (DBA) was used, yielding a homogeneous product with a significantly lower amount of free amines. Nevertheless, a deamination step was required to further reduce the residual amine content. Two different deaminating agents were tested: polylactic acid (PLA) and 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether (2-EHGE); the latter proved to be the most effective, leading to complete deamination of the final product. The recovered polyol was then used to produce new foams containing different percentages of recycled material. The results showed that the incorporation of up to 30% recycled polyol allowed the preparation of foams which still appear to maintain good flexibility, a property that is no longer observed in the 50RP foam comparable to those of the original ones. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the chemical recycling of flexible polyurethane foams is feasible, allowing the recovery of polyols suitable for reuse in new foam formulations. The results are encouraging and suggest further optimization to improve both process efficiency and the quality of the recycled product.
Questa tesi si concentra sul riciclo chimico delle schiume poliuretaniche flessibili, un materiale ampiamente utilizzato ma di difficile smaltimento. L’obiettivo principale è stato valutare la fattibilità di ottenere nuovi polioli da schiume di scarto e di riutilizzarli per la produzione di nuove schiume con proprietà meccaniche comparabili a quelle del materiale originale. Sono stati investigati tre diversi approcci di riciclo: glicolisi, acidolisi e amminolisi. Negli esperimenti di glicolisi sono stati testati diversi glicoli, come dietilenglicole (DEG) e dipropilenglicole (DPG), mentre nelle reazioni di acidolisi sono stati impiegati vari acidi mono- e dicarbossilici. Entrambi i metodi si sono rivelati insoddisfacenti, poiché hanno portato a prodotti non omogenei e a difficoltà nella separazione delle fasi. Il percorso dell’amminolisi, invece, ha mostrato risultati più promettenti. Inizialmente sono state utilizzate esametilendiammina (HMDA) e dietanolammina (DEA), ma queste reazioni hanno portato a un alto contenuto di ammine aromatiche libere (TDA), formatesi dalla conversione degli isocianati TDI originariamente presenti nella schiuma. Le toluendiamine (TDA) sono composti tossici e potenzialmente cancerogeni, e pertanto non adatti alla produzione di nuovi materiali poliuretanici. Per ovviare a questo problema è stata impiegata la dibutilammina (DBA), ottenendo un prodotto omogeneo con una quantità significativamente inferiore di ammine libere. È stato comunque necessario un passaggio di deamminazione per ridurre ulteriormente il contenuto residuo di ammine. Sono stati testati due diversi agenti deamminanti: l’acido polilattico (PLA) e il 2-etilesil glicidil etere (2-EHGE); quest’ultimo si è rivelato il più efficace, portando alla deamminazione completa del prodotto finale. Il poliolo recuperato è stato quindi utilizzato per produrre nuove schiume contenenti diverse percentuali di materiale riciclato. I risultati hanno mostrato che l’incorporazione fino al 30% di poliolo riciclato consente la preparazione di schiume che mantengono una buona flessibilità, con proprietà paragonabili a quelle del materiale originale; tale proprietà non è più osservata nella schiuma 50RP. In conclusione, questo studio ha dimostrato che il riciclo chimico delle schiume poliuretaniche flessibili è fattibile, consentendo il recupero di polioli idonei al riutilizzo in nuove formulazioni di schiuma. I risultati sono incoraggianti e suggeriscono ulteriori ottimizzazioni per migliorare sia l’efficienza del processo sia la qualità del prodotto riciclato.
Comparative study of lysis processes for the chemical recycling of flexible polyurethane foams
DEMIRI, ENRICO
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis focuses on the chemical recycling of flexible polyurethane foams, a widely used material that is difficult to dispose of. The main goal was to evaluate the feasibility of obtaining new polyols from waste foams and to reuse them for the production of new foams with mechanical properties comparable to those of the original material. Three different recycling approaches were investigated: glycolysis, acidolysis, and aminolysis. During the glycolysis experiments, several glycols such as diethylene glycol (DEG) and dipropylene glycol (DPG) were tested, while in the acidolysis reactions different mono- and dicarboxylic acids were employed. Both methods proved unsuccessful, as they led to non-homogeneous products and difficulties in phase separation. The aminolysis route, on the other hand, showed more promising results. Initially, hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and diethanolamine (DEA) were used, but these reactions resulted in a high content of free aromatic amines (TDA), formed from the conversion of TDI isocyanates originally present in the foam. Toluene diamines (TDA) are toxic and potentially carcinogenic compounds, making them unsuitable for the production of new polyurethane materials. To overcome this issue, dibutylamine (DBA) was used, yielding a homogeneous product with a significantly lower amount of free amines. Nevertheless, a deamination step was required to further reduce the residual amine content. Two different deaminating agents were tested: polylactic acid (PLA) and 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether (2-EHGE); the latter proved to be the most effective, leading to complete deamination of the final product. The recovered polyol was then used to produce new foams containing different percentages of recycled material. The results showed that the incorporation of up to 30% recycled polyol allowed the preparation of foams which still appear to maintain good flexibility, a property that is no longer observed in the 50RP foam comparable to those of the original ones. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the chemical recycling of flexible polyurethane foams is feasible, allowing the recovery of polyols suitable for reuse in new foam formulations. The results are encouraging and suggest further optimization to improve both process efficiency and the quality of the recycled product.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/95593