Introduction. The present work illustrates an empirical study focused on the construct of prenatal attachment. In this context, a first adaptation of an instrument already validated for mothers was proposed for fathers, outlining, from an exploratory perspective, its main psychometric characteristics and providing a starting point for future research. This project also aimed at expanding the study of constructs associated with prenatal attachment in both parental genders and at applying a dyadic perspective to the analysis of prenatal attachment through the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). Materials and Methods. The study involved 155 participants (102 women and 53 men), all of whom were expecting a child and had been in a romantic relationship for at least two years. From the total sample, 50 heterosexual couples were extrapolated to conduct dyadic analyses. Participants completed several self-report measures, including the Prenatal Attachment Inventory - Maternal (PAI-M) and Paternal version (adapted; PAI-P), the Maternal and Paternal Antenatal Attachment Scales (MAAS and PAAS), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-12 (ECR-12), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale-10 (DAS-10), the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire-8 (RFQ-8), and the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-Q). Results and Conclusions. The preliminary adaptation of the PAI for fathers (PAI-P) showed good internal consistency (α = .89), with two problematic items, and satisfactory convergent validity compared to the PAAS, an instrument already validated for the assessment of paternal-fetal attachment. However, analyses revealed some limitations regarding validity evidence in relation to theoretically and empirically relevant constructs. When considering also other instruments assessing prenatal attachment, significant associations emerged with sociodemographic variables (gender, presence of other children), pregnancy characteristics (gestational age), individual psychological functioning (depressive symptoms, reflective functioning), relational functioning (romantic attachment, couple satisfaction), as well as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), with some differences between mothers and fathers. Finally, APIM models highlighted the predictive role of romantic attachment (avoidance) and maternal dyadic satisfaction on partners’ levels of prenatal attachment.
Introduzione. Il presente elaborato illustra una ricerca empirica che trova il suo focus nel costrutto dell’attaccamento prenatale. In questo contesto è stato proposto un primo adattamento, rivolto ai padri, di uno strumento già validato per le madri, delineandone, con un’ottica esplorativa, le principali caratteristiche psicometriche e offrendo uno spunto per futuri studi. Tale progetto si è integrato con l’obiettivo di approfondire lo studio dei costrutti associati all’attaccamento prenatale in entrambi i generi genitoriali e di applicare all’analisi dell’attaccamento prenatale una prospettiva diadica, attraverso l’Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. Materiali e metodi. Allo studio hanno preso parte 155 persone (102 donne e 53 uomini), aventi una gravidanza in corso e impegnate in una relazione romantica da almeno due anni. Dal campione totale sono state estrapolate 50 coppie eterosessuali per condurre delle analisi diadiche. Ai partecipanti sono stati somministrati alcuni strumenti self-report, quali il Prenatal Attachment Inventory, -Maternal (PAI-M) e -Paternal version (strumento adattato; PAI-P), la Maternal e la Paternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (MAAS e PAAS), il Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), la Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), l’Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-12 (ECR-12), la Dyadic Adjustment Scale-10 (DAS-10), il Reflective Functioning Questionnaire-8 (RFQ-8) e l’Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-Q). Risultati e conclusioni. L’adattamento preliminare del PAI per i padri (PAI-P) ha mostrato una buona coerenza interna (α = .89), con due item problematici, e una validità convergente soddisfacente rispetto al PAAS, strumento già validato per la misura dell’attaccamento paterno-fetale. Tuttavia, le analisi hanno evidenziato alcune criticità nelle evidenze di validità relative all’associazione con costrutti teoricamente ed empiricamente rilevanti. Considerando invece anche altri strumenti di misura dell’attaccamento prenatale, sono emerse associazioni significative con variabili sociodemografiche (genere, presenza di altri figli), caratteristiche della gravidanza (epoca gestazionale), variabili relative al funzionamento psicologico individuale (sintomi depressivi, funzione riflessiva) e relazionale (attaccamento romantico, soddisfazione di coppia), nonché con le esperienze sfavorevoli durante l’infanzia (ACEs), con alcune differenze tra madri e padri. Infine, i modelli APIM hanno messo in luce il ruolo predittivo dell’attaccamento romantico (evitamento) e della soddisfazione diadica materna sui livelli di attaccamento prenatale dei partner.
L'attaccamento prenatale nelle coppie in gravidanza: il ruolo di variabili individuali e relazionali e adattamento di uno strumento per l'esperienza paterna
GREGORI, GIULIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Introduction. The present work illustrates an empirical study focused on the construct of prenatal attachment. In this context, a first adaptation of an instrument already validated for mothers was proposed for fathers, outlining, from an exploratory perspective, its main psychometric characteristics and providing a starting point for future research. This project also aimed at expanding the study of constructs associated with prenatal attachment in both parental genders and at applying a dyadic perspective to the analysis of prenatal attachment through the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (APIM). Materials and Methods. The study involved 155 participants (102 women and 53 men), all of whom were expecting a child and had been in a romantic relationship for at least two years. From the total sample, 50 heterosexual couples were extrapolated to conduct dyadic analyses. Participants completed several self-report measures, including the Prenatal Attachment Inventory - Maternal (PAI-M) and Paternal version (adapted; PAI-P), the Maternal and Paternal Antenatal Attachment Scales (MAAS and PAAS), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7), the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-12 (ECR-12), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale-10 (DAS-10), the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire-8 (RFQ-8), and the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-Q). Results and Conclusions. The preliminary adaptation of the PAI for fathers (PAI-P) showed good internal consistency (α = .89), with two problematic items, and satisfactory convergent validity compared to the PAAS, an instrument already validated for the assessment of paternal-fetal attachment. However, analyses revealed some limitations regarding validity evidence in relation to theoretically and empirically relevant constructs. When considering also other instruments assessing prenatal attachment, significant associations emerged with sociodemographic variables (gender, presence of other children), pregnancy characteristics (gestational age), individual psychological functioning (depressive symptoms, reflective functioning), relational functioning (romantic attachment, couple satisfaction), as well as adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), with some differences between mothers and fathers. Finally, APIM models highlighted the predictive role of romantic attachment (avoidance) and maternal dyadic satisfaction on partners’ levels of prenatal attachment.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96150