The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different combined training protocols on muscular and microvascular adaptations in healthy older adults. Thirty-six participants (18 men, 18 women; mean age 71.1 ± 4.3 years) were randomly assigned to three intervention groups: RR (8 weeks of resistance training), AR (4 weeks aerobic + 4 weeks resistance), and RA (4 weeks resistance + 4 weeks aerobic). Assessments were performed at baseline (T0) and after eight weeks (T2), including body composition, muscle strength (MVC, 1RM), and histological parameters of hypertrophy and capillarization (CSA, perimeter, C:Fi, CFPE). Results revealed a significant increase in muscle strength across all groups (p < 0.05), independent of exercise order, confirming resistance training as the main determinant of neuromuscular improvement. Morphological data showed greater hypertrophic adaptations in the RR group, while the RA group exhibited significant enhancements in microvascular indices (C:Fi and CFPE, p < 0.05), particularly in type II fibers. Overall, the findings suggest that adaptations follow the principle of specificity, with predominant responses to the most recent training stimulus. These results highlight how training order and modality can differentially shape morphological and functional muscle adaptations in the elderly.
Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di valutare gli effetti di differenti protocolli di allenamento combinato sugli adattamenti muscolari e microvascolari in soggetti anziani sani. Trentasei partecipanti (18 uomini, 18 donne; età media 71,1 ± 4,3 anni) sono stati suddivisi in tre gruppi di intervento: RR (8 settimane di allenamento contro resistenza), AR (4 settimane aerobico + 4 resistenza) e RA (4 settimane resistenza + 4 aerobico). Le valutazioni sono state effettuate all’inizio (T0) e dopo otto settimane (T2) e comprendevano misure di composizione corporea, forza muscolare (MVC, 1RM) e parametri istologici di ipertrofia e capillarizzazione muscolare (CSA, perimetro, C:Fi, CFPE). I risultati hanno mostrato un aumento significativo della forza muscolare in tutti i gruppi (p < 0,05), indipendentemente dalla sequenza di esercizi, confermando l’efficacia del training contro resistenza come principale determinante dell’adattamento neuromuscolare. A livello morfologico, il gruppo RR ha evidenziato i maggiori incrementi di CSA e perimetro, suggerendo un più marcato effetto ipertrofico, mentre il gruppo RA ha riportato miglioramenti significativi dei parametri microvascolari (C:Fi e CFPE, p < 0,05), soprattutto nelle fibre di tipo II. Nel complesso, gli adattamenti osservati seguono il principio di specificità, mostrando una prevalenza di risposte in funzione dello stimolo più recente. Questi dati indicano che la combinazione e la sequenza dei protocolli di allenamento possono modulare in modo differenziale gli adattamenti morfo-funzionali nel muscolo dell’anziano.
PROTOCOLLI DI ALLENAMENTO COMBINATO NELL’ANZIANO: ADATTAMENTI MUSCOLARI E VASCOLARI
MARTELLATO, CARLO
2024/2025
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different combined training protocols on muscular and microvascular adaptations in healthy older adults. Thirty-six participants (18 men, 18 women; mean age 71.1 ± 4.3 years) were randomly assigned to three intervention groups: RR (8 weeks of resistance training), AR (4 weeks aerobic + 4 weeks resistance), and RA (4 weeks resistance + 4 weeks aerobic). Assessments were performed at baseline (T0) and after eight weeks (T2), including body composition, muscle strength (MVC, 1RM), and histological parameters of hypertrophy and capillarization (CSA, perimeter, C:Fi, CFPE). Results revealed a significant increase in muscle strength across all groups (p < 0.05), independent of exercise order, confirming resistance training as the main determinant of neuromuscular improvement. Morphological data showed greater hypertrophic adaptations in the RR group, while the RA group exhibited significant enhancements in microvascular indices (C:Fi and CFPE, p < 0.05), particularly in type II fibers. Overall, the findings suggest that adaptations follow the principle of specificity, with predominant responses to the most recent training stimulus. These results highlight how training order and modality can differentially shape morphological and functional muscle adaptations in the elderly.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96388