Background Newly diagnosed cases of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) are stratified according to the 2022 European LeukemiaNet (ELN) recommendations based on their cytogenetic and molecular profiles. However, the literature suggests that hyperleukocytosis (HL) and extramedullary involvement (EI) may affect patient outcomes and may be regarded as adverse clinical risk factors. This study aimed to evaluate 2-year overall survival (2yOS) in patients with AML undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) or chemotherapy (CT) with a specific focus on the impact of EI and HL. Materials and Methods This is a multicentric, retrospective study including patients with newly diagnosed AML between 2017 and 2023 presenting with HL, EI or both. Patients were stratified according to the ELN2022 classification into favorable (fav), intermediate (int) and adverse (adv) risk categories, and categorized based on the presence of HL or EI. Therapeutic interventions, consisting of CT or ASCT, were administered in accordance with local treatment policies. The primary endpoint of the study was 2yOS. Results We enrolled 221 patients: 187 presented with HL at diagnosis, 70 with EI, and 36 with both. The analysis of 2yOS demonstrated a significantly better outcome in patients without EI compared to those with EI (151 without EI vs 70 with EI patients; log rank = 4.85, p value = 0.028). Among patients with EI, those treated with ASCT showed significantly improved 2yOS compared to those receiving CT alone (45 ASCT vs 25 CT pazienti; log rank = 16.72, p value < 0.001). When stratified by ELN 2022 risk classification, ASCT was associated with superior outcomes across all risk groups: favorable (10 ASCT vs 10 CT pazienti; log rank = 4.97, p value = 0.026), intermediate (26 ASCT vs 8 CT; log rank = 9.92, p value = 0.002), and adverse (9 ASCT vs 7 CT; log rank = 11.55, p value = 0.001). Similarly, in patients with HL, ASCT significantly improved 2yOS compared to CT alone (119 ASCT vs 68 CT patients; log rank = 26.204, p value < 0.001). However, in the subgroup with HL and favorable ELN risk, no significant difference in 2yOS was observed between the two groups (25 ASCT vs 31 CT patients; log rank = 7.52, p value = 0.386). In contrast, ASCT was significantly more effective in patients with intermediate (76 ASCT vs 24 CT; log rank = 38.32, p value<0.001) and adverse ELN 2022 risk (18 ASCT vs 13 CT; log rank = 14.28, p value<0.001). Overall, ASCT was associated with improved 2yOS in adverse and intermediate risk subgroups, particularly in the presence of extramedullary disease or hyperleukocytosis and non-favorable ELN risk. Conclusion In patients with AML presenting with EI, ASCT is associated with an significant improved survival regardless of risk stratification according to ELN2022. Moreover, intermediate and unfavorable-risk patients who present with HL may experience better outcomes with ASCT compared to CT alone.
Introduzione I nuovi casi di Leucemia Mieloide Acuta (LMA) vengono stratificati, secondo le raccomandazioni dell’European LeukemiaNet (ELN) 2022, in base al profilo citogenetico e molecolare. Tuttavia, la letteratura suggerisce che la leucocitosi (HL) e il coinvolgimento extramidollare (EI) possano influenzare negativamente la prognosi, rappresentando potenziali fattori di rischio clinico sfavorevole. Questo studio si propone di valutare la sopravvivenza globale a 2 anni (2yOS) in pazienti affetti da LMA trattati con trapianto allogenico di cellule staminali ematopoietiche (ASCT) o con sola chemioterapia (CT), con particolare attenzione all’impatto prognostico di HL ed EI. Materiali e Metodi Studio multicentrico retrospettivo che ha incluso pazienti con nuova diagnosi di LMA tra il 2017 e il 2023, presentanti HL, EI o entrambe le condizioni. I pazienti sono stati stratificati secondo la classificazione ELN2022 (favorevole, intermedio, sfavorevole) e suddivisi in base alla presenza di HL o EI. La scelta del trattamento di prima linea (sola CT o ASCT) è stata coerente rispetto a quanto stabilito dalla policy del centro di riferimento. L’endpoint primario era la 2yOS. Risultati Sono stati inclusi 221 pazienti: 187 presentavano HL alla diagnosi, 70 EI e 36 entrambi. La 2yOS è risultata significativamente migliore nei pazienti senza EI rispetto a quelli con EI (151 senza EI vs 70 con EI pazienti; log rank = 4.85, p value = 0.028). Tra i pazienti con EI, quelli trattati con ASCT hanno mostrato una sopravvivenza significativamente superiore rispetto a quelli trattati con sola CT (45 ASCT vs 25 CT pazienti; log rank = 16.72, p value < 0.001). La superiorità dell’ASCT si conferma in tutti i sottogruppi ELN: favorevole (10 ASCT vs 10 CT pazienti; log rank = 4.97, p value = 0.026), intermedio (26 ASCT vs 8 CT; log rank = 9.92, p value = 0.002), sfavorevole (9 ASCT vs 7 CT; log rank = 11.55, p value = 0.001). Anche nei pazienti con HL, l’ASCT ha determinato una migliore 2yOS rispetto alla sola CT (119 ASCT vs 68 CT patients; log rank = 26.204, p value < 0.001). Tuttavia, nel sottogruppo con HL e rischio favorevole ELN, non si è osservata una differenza significativa tra i due trattamenti (25 ASCT vs 31 CT patients; log rank = 7.52, p value = 0.386). Al contrario, l’ASCT ha mostrato un chiaro beneficio nei sottogruppi a rischio intermedio (76 ASCT vs 24 CT; log rank = 38.32, p value<0.001) e sfavorevole (18 ASCT vs 13 CT; log rank = 14.28, p value<0.001). Complessivamente, l’ASCT è risultato associato a un miglioramento della 2yOS nei pazienti a rischio intermedio e sfavorevole, in particolare in presenza di HL o EI. Conclusioni Nei pazienti con LMA e presenza di EI, l’ASCT si associa ad un miglioramento della sopravvivenza, indipendentemente dalla stratificazione secondo ELN 2022. Inoltre, i pazienti a rischio intermedio e sfavorevole che presentano HL all’esordio possono trarre beneficio dall’ASCT rispetto alla sola chemioterapia.
Iperleucocitosi e Coinvolgimento Extramidollare nella Leucemia Mieloide Acuta: il Ruolo del Trapianto Allogenico di Cellule Staminali Ematopoietiche
FORLANI, LAURA
2023/2024
Abstract
Background Newly diagnosed cases of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) are stratified according to the 2022 European LeukemiaNet (ELN) recommendations based on their cytogenetic and molecular profiles. However, the literature suggests that hyperleukocytosis (HL) and extramedullary involvement (EI) may affect patient outcomes and may be regarded as adverse clinical risk factors. This study aimed to evaluate 2-year overall survival (2yOS) in patients with AML undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) or chemotherapy (CT) with a specific focus on the impact of EI and HL. Materials and Methods This is a multicentric, retrospective study including patients with newly diagnosed AML between 2017 and 2023 presenting with HL, EI or both. Patients were stratified according to the ELN2022 classification into favorable (fav), intermediate (int) and adverse (adv) risk categories, and categorized based on the presence of HL or EI. Therapeutic interventions, consisting of CT or ASCT, were administered in accordance with local treatment policies. The primary endpoint of the study was 2yOS. Results We enrolled 221 patients: 187 presented with HL at diagnosis, 70 with EI, and 36 with both. The analysis of 2yOS demonstrated a significantly better outcome in patients without EI compared to those with EI (151 without EI vs 70 with EI patients; log rank = 4.85, p value = 0.028). Among patients with EI, those treated with ASCT showed significantly improved 2yOS compared to those receiving CT alone (45 ASCT vs 25 CT pazienti; log rank = 16.72, p value < 0.001). When stratified by ELN 2022 risk classification, ASCT was associated with superior outcomes across all risk groups: favorable (10 ASCT vs 10 CT pazienti; log rank = 4.97, p value = 0.026), intermediate (26 ASCT vs 8 CT; log rank = 9.92, p value = 0.002), and adverse (9 ASCT vs 7 CT; log rank = 11.55, p value = 0.001). Similarly, in patients with HL, ASCT significantly improved 2yOS compared to CT alone (119 ASCT vs 68 CT patients; log rank = 26.204, p value < 0.001). However, in the subgroup with HL and favorable ELN risk, no significant difference in 2yOS was observed between the two groups (25 ASCT vs 31 CT patients; log rank = 7.52, p value = 0.386). In contrast, ASCT was significantly more effective in patients with intermediate (76 ASCT vs 24 CT; log rank = 38.32, p value<0.001) and adverse ELN 2022 risk (18 ASCT vs 13 CT; log rank = 14.28, p value<0.001). Overall, ASCT was associated with improved 2yOS in adverse and intermediate risk subgroups, particularly in the presence of extramedullary disease or hyperleukocytosis and non-favorable ELN risk. Conclusion In patients with AML presenting with EI, ASCT is associated with an significant improved survival regardless of risk stratification according to ELN2022. Moreover, intermediate and unfavorable-risk patients who present with HL may experience better outcomes with ASCT compared to CT alone.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12608/96669